Cross-posted at The Huffington Post.
One of our Pinterest boards collects images that reveal that men are the “neutral” sex in contemporary Western cultures. This means that (1) the image that pops up in our minds when we say “person” or “human” or “worker” is usually implicitly male, (2) non-sexed representations of people are usually assumed to be male (e.g., cartoon animals appear female to us unless we slap on eyelashes and lipstick), (3) items for sale often get marketed as either “item” or “women’s item” (e.g., “deodorant” and “women’s deodorant”), and (4) men and male bodies get to stand in for humanity (e.g., in scientific research).
Instances of this phenomenon have been a fun series on the blog; we featured another one just this past weekend, on how (not) to write obituaries. Then today SocImages Contributor Philip Cohen sent along another great example that we couldn’t resist sharing. The graphic below, released by Bloomberg Business Week, is meant to help us understand who is in and out of the labor force. While 3% of Americans want to work but can’t find a job, large proportions are also permanently or temporarily out of work on purpose: they’re retired, in college, in the military, disabled, or a stay-at-home parent.
For our purposes in this post, what’s interesting is the way they illustrate the categories. See what you see:
In all cases but one, the stick figured is either non-sexed and therefore implicitly male (e.g., the newspaper reader and the disabled) or explicitly male (the business-suited full-time employees, the mustachioed retiree). The one exception, of course, is for the stay-at-home parent. Suddenly the stick figure is a female. We see this all over. As soon as parenting or housework is involved, all those neutral/male stick figures sprout skirts.
Now, to be fair, 97% of stay-at-home parents are female, but so is 50% of the American workforce. You wouldn’t guess so, however, by this graphic. Also, for what it’s worth, it doesn’t have to be like this.
Lisa Wade, PhD is an Associate Professor at Tulane University. She is the author of American Hookup, a book about college sexual culture; a textbook about gender; and a forthcoming introductory text: Terrible Magnificent Sociology. You can follow her on Twitter and Instagram.
Comments 29
Wondering — April 11, 2013
Typo: " (e.g., cartoon animals appear female to us unless we slap on eyelashes and lipstick)". They appear MALE to us unless...
Jacob Germain — April 11, 2013
What is with the crazy hair, also?
Emma Goldfarb — April 11, 2013
And I guess all the retirees have back problems????
Emily Stewart — April 11, 2013
Is "institationalized" even a word? Are those supposed to be people in mental institutions or prisons? Why do "institationalized" people have unkempt hair? Is that the word for people who have been institutionalized for grooming violations?
Dianna Fielding — April 11, 2013
I find it interesting they distinguished "unemployed" from "want to work." Don't those who want to work, but can't, automatically get counted as unemployed? It is also interesting that part-time workers appear to be lazily reading a book.
Liz — April 11, 2013
Directly after seeing this article, I ran across this picture:
http://25.media.tumblr.com/897d702ab505835ed3b08b6d726c86b9/tumblr_ml3ocp2s2X1qewacoo1_500.jpg
I
think this illustrates well why this article matters. It's very
unlikely that I would ever go in to see a general practitioner (and not a
gynecologist) and ever see an image that so directly represents me, or
that I could so directly relate to.
mimimur — April 12, 2013
Disturbing to see how disabled are lumped into the category with no intention to work. Maybe it's supposed to mean extended leave for illness that makes it impossible to work or something like that, but to point out a group that gets discriminated in the job market as not willing to work is rather crude.
naath — April 12, 2013
So Military personnel aren't in the workforce?
Emma — April 12, 2013
Those flanks of homogeneous male-looking workers are quite disturbing. They could easily have made some of them look female, and have a few of them using canes or wheelchairs, and it would still have been clear from the positioning, label and colouring that these were workers.
It's also interesting to think about who is in that pink 'other' category - I suspect many of them will be carers looking after elderly or disabled relatives, but apparently carers aren't deemed to merit a category of their own.
ellen — April 12, 2013
Here's another example from medicine:
http://www.med.umich.edu/scleroderma/patients/classification.htm
This chart uses a male figure to illustrate a diagnostic tool called the Rodnan Skin Score, which is used in evaluating the autoimmune disease scleroderma. This, even though scleroderma has a female prevalence somewhere between 4:1 and 9:1.
Alyssa Rodriquez — April 14, 2013
Going on a tangent here: in regards to to cartoon animals need to have eyelashes and lipstick to appear female...
Another cue that a cartoon animal is female is that it is lighter. This shows up EVERYWHERE. So much so that not only have I been bothered by this for years, but my 5 year old daughter has mentioned it to me. I believe this is connected to the lighter is beautiful ideal. I'd love to see this blog... or hell anyone, take this on. I don't really have the time right now to write a well articulated, well documented article right now, but I'd be willing to help with this article if anyone would like to take it on.
(Nicht nur) Infografiken unter der Lupe – der Linkspam — April 26, 2013
[...] von Menschen darauf beleuchtet Sociological Images. Ob es wohl einen Hintergrund hat, wenn alle Figürchen als männlich erkannt werden können – bis auf zwei weibliche “stay-at-home parents”? [...]
ℜεx GαηчMε∂ε. (Super Hero.) — May 30, 2013
:-)
so, what's the solution to this problem?
Weekend Reading | Backslash Scott Thoughts — September 8, 2013
[...] Who Works? Stick Figures, Gender, and Illustrating the Workforce. [...]
i speak tongue — June 22, 2014
In addition to being problematic, this infographic is plain silly. Mainly because it makes being employed look really unappealing! Who wants to be a black and white automaton? I'd much rather be an elderly person with an impressive moustache and tuxedo shirt, or a student in a blue jumpsuit! Also, I had no idea there was such a large part-time knitting work force!