Shoshannah F. sent in this video of a group singing what is titled “Eid Mubarak India Song.” Shoshannah says,
“Eid mubarak” is a traditional Muslim greeting reserved for use on the festivals of Eid ul-Adha and Eid ul-Fitr.
Eid al Fitr, by the way, is the festival celebrating the end of Ramadan; it was celebrated last week.
There are several things in the video I think are interesting. First, it might be a good example of the diversity that exists in the Muslim world. As we’ve talked about before on Soc Images (see here and here) , in the U.S. Islam is often associated very strongly with “the veil” or even “the burqa.” This is used as evidence that Islam is automatically and uniquely oppressive to women. Yet in this video we see some women wearing scarves that cover some of their hair and other women whose heads are completely uncovered. It might be a useful video to show (at least a bit of it) if you’re talking about stereotypes of Islam and the idea that all Muslim women have to wear head coverings.
I can also imagine using a short clip from it to illustrate the fact that students’ frequent belief that Muslim = Arab = Middle Easterner is actually inaccurate. I assign a reading in my race class by Nadine Naber titled “Ambiguous Insiders: An Investigation of Arab American Invisibility” (2000, Journal of Ethnic and Racial Studies vol 23, number 1, p. 37-62). She argues that Islam has been racialized in the U.S., such that most Americans assume all Arabs are Muslims and all Muslims are Arabs, and negative stereotypes of Arabs and Arab Americans are extended to Muslims in general. On a global basis, only a minority of Muslims live in the Arab-speaking world (which is, by the way, the definition of “Arab”); the largest Muslim population lives in Indonesia, and though they are predominantly Muslim countries, neither Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, nor Afghanistan are Arab countries. I might show a small portion of this video as part of a lecture on the inaccuracy of equating Muslims with Arabs.
Another element that really struck me was how certain aspects of the type of masculinity on display here differ from our ideas of how men should act in the U.S. The men are wearing pastel colors that are generally only worn by women in the U.S. (though as this post shows, men are, under certain circumstances, allowed to wear pink). The men also dance closely and hug in ways that would not be acceptable between straight men in the U.S. The video could be used as an example of the social construction of gender, and how the things considered appropriate for men or women to do in one culture may not be viewed the same in others.
Now, I have no idea what the meaning of the guys looking all aghast at the guy in the business suit (at about 3:45) until he starts dancing is. I don’t know what that is supposed to signify–that he’s Westernized and might not take part in the festival? If any readers have any insights on what the meaning of that exchange is, I’d love to hear them.
Thanks, Shoshannah!
UPDATE: Commenter Silviu G. makes a good point:
What struck me was that, in commenting the video, the blogger didn’t emphasize the strict segregation of women and men.
Indeed I didn’t…thanks for pointing out the oversight in my analysis, Silviu! That might add to an interesting discussion of how, in the U.S., we would view men who interacted primarily with one another, hugging and dancing together, and remained entirely separate from one another. In the U.S., such behavior would almost certainly lead to the men being defined as gay; however, I don’t think that is in any way implied in this video, which again points to the variation in norms of gender behavior.
Also, just to clarify…Silviu suggests that I was “praising” Muslim TV for showing women with uncovered hair. That was not my intention–in fact, it would be terribly condescending of me to be all “Hey, look! How nice! They let some women be in public with no headscarves!” My point in mentioning that the women’s heads aren’t covered was just that, at least among my students, there’s often a belief that all Muslim women cover their hair all the time (I’ve had them ask if they have to cover their hair while they sleep), and that this video might be used just to get the point across that there’s no single way that Muslim women dress, any more than all Christian women dress the same, which many of my students found very surprising.
Comments 9
thoughtcounts Z — October 7, 2008
I don't claim to know, this is just a guess -- but it looks like some of the shock at the man's arrival is that he comes in with some fanfare, a small parade of men with drums and all that. It looks like he is a relative of the family (he warmly greets the older man, maybe the father, and the lead male dancer, maybe they are brothers?) and he's come home for the celebration from elsewhere -- maybe he's a businessman in Europe or something. Anyway, it seemed to me more like they were surprised to see him, than that they were shocked by his dress or something.
vlucca — October 8, 2008
From a cinema studies perspective this is really interesting because Bollywood movies are--and always have been--incredibly popular in Islamic countries/regions. Even though the storylines and emphasis on visual excess are not always in complete agreement with stricter/state-endorsed interpretations of Islam, they have greatly influenced Arab and northern (Muslim) Nigerian filmmaking. Thus, despite not being their primary market, this clip also shows Bollywood's willingness to address and celebrate these other nations and (in the case of the man in the suit) their Diasporas. However, it would be interesting to see if this celebratory attitude is continued (genuinely) throughout the rest of the film, instead of just using Eid ul-Adha/Eid al Fitr as a backdrop for this musical number.
Silviu Gherman — October 8, 2008
I watch your posts because I find some of them intriguing in explaining quite a number of sociological mechanisms. However, if the author of this blog seems highly suspicious of any Western discriminatory attitude, here we see him praising the fact that Muslims don't show their women wearing burkas on TV. This seems to me a little cynical, because the author must surely know that Muslim TV stations often portray women in much the same way as we do in the West. By that, i mean: sexy dresses, sexy poses, provocative stances etc.
What struck me was that, in commenting the video, the blogger didn't emphasize the strict segregation of women and men. Men and women hardly come into contact, while men interact amongst each other in a very gay way indeed. And I don't mean by "gay" homosexuality as viewed in the West. Men touching each other, but not interacting with women, is much more "gay" than men interacting with each other AND with women. By any standards.
So, please, put the ideology away and extract what is to be extracted. Thank you.
Gwen Sharp, PhD — October 8, 2008
Silviu,
I get what you're saying there, but I think we're driving at the same thing--which is that, much like among Christians, there's a range of dress and behavior among Muslims, and different groups may disagree about what is appropriate for men and women to wear or do. My students often have the idea of Islam as a very monolithic religion where all women are oppressed, and always oppressed in the same way (that is, through clothing). Why wouldn't we expect Muslim women to be sexualized just as much as, say, Christian women?
My intent was not to "praise" this group for not showing women in burqas or veils, but simply to say that, as with any other group, there's enormous variety in the Muslim world, and that students often come in with a very limited view of what "Muslims" look like. You can still very much criticize sexualization, images of women on TV, etc. My point was simply that, for many students, learning that not all Muslim women are forced to cover their hair is, in itself, shocking (as is learning that most Muslims are not Arab). I find a similar tendency among my students to believe that all "African" women are oppressed, and their evidence is female genital cutting--a practice that a) is not universal in Africa, by any means, and b) occurs outside of Africa.
So I just meant that the video could be used to start breaking down students' ideas that there is a single way that all Muslim women are/dress/act...which opens up the way for a more insightful, complex discussion about global gender inequality that looks at actual life experiences and economic and social conditions, not just whether or not a woman's hair is covered.
Sue — October 8, 2008
I didn't think much, personally, of the sexual segregation, as it seems to be a common feature of music videos; is that all this is- a music video- or is it a scene from a larger piece?
Silviu Gherman — October 8, 2008
First of all, thank you for your reply. Secondly, excuse me for not realizing I was talking to a female (I said "HIM", referring to the author of the blog post; I didn't know I was talking to someone named "Gwen"; a small error, but sorry nevertheless).
As regarding your answer, I see your point, but I'm still pretty convinced that presenting your students with a wider point of view is not such an advancement, at least in this case. I'll try to explain this.
It's very commendable to enrich one's perception about a controversial subject. However - and I fear I might be getting a little bit nazi at this point - adding complexity to a matter like women being ostracized in Muslim countries doesn't seem to help the issue. I think this leads to a reasoning like this: "People know that many women suffer oppression in a Muslim country. But, clearly, not all of them do. Thus we should stop saying that EVERY Muslim women suffers. We should make our speech more sophisticated."
This only adds to confusion. Nothing is clarified, and nothing will ever be clarified like this. I, myself, am from Romania. Romania has a corruption issue. I know that Romania is a more corrupt place than the US, let's say. I just know. I don't need people to soften their voices when speaking about that. It's true. I don't need someone criticizing the Romanian legal system to be looking after my feelings because, possibly, I'm not a corrupt person. A discussion about corruption is - and should be - as simple as possible. It's the only way to circumscribe the problem and - hopefully - offer a solution. A discussion about suffering Muslim women should be the same. As plain as possible, while trying not to oversimplify matters.
I'm sorry, I began to speak so wildly here, I forgot the subject was a Muslim Bollywood YouTube video! :)
I really think one could learn a lot from your blog. But, from time to time, I think the neutral (or sophisticated) part of your posts should allow itself to become more... how should I say... more mean...
Bagelsan — October 13, 2008
I definitely understand what you're saying, but to use the corruption example, saying ALL Romanians are corrupt and not trying to identify those who aren't could result in innocent people being targeted (which is both cruel *and* a waste of effort/time/resources.) It's better to find the people and systems that are actually truly corrupt, and focus your efforts on them.
I think that adding complexity *helps* clarify an issue, and gives you a better idea what you're up against when you're trying to solve a problem. I think it's better to say that some women in some circumstances are treated one way, while others are treated another, and then tailor the "solutions" to the individual situations, rather then say "all Muslim women are abused and constantly suffering!" and then be dumbfounded when we find one who isn't. (And yes, they exist! :p)
As for Gwen making her posts less sophisticated and more "mean": it's pretty easy to point a finger, but it's not useful to try and point that same finger at a billion people and then yell at them for all doing the same thing (which many of them don't, in fact, even do). That kind of mass stereotyping/blaming gets ignored, and for good reason.
lulu — March 8, 2009
I agree that there is a need to emphasize cultural differences among Muslim communities but I would question the use of commercial films such as this one. I think there are better resources that more accurately portray Muslim culture in South Asia. If all you are looking for is a general idea, however, this is acceptable.
The guy that comes in halfway wearing the suit is a Hindu character who comes in with Sikh men with drums to participate in the Muslim celebration. I think they probably weren't expecting him for that reason. The lyrics of the song include "This is everyone's festival." This type of secular inclusiveness is common in Indian films and is kind of preachy way to encourage it in society, although in some places celebrating with people of other religions is common practice.
It is also important to note that everything that you mentioned as being a part of Muslim culture- headcovering, gender separation and different definitions of masculinity- also apply to a significant chunk of the Hindu and Sikh populations in India.
Jamila — April 10, 2009
I guess this comment may seem kind of useless seeing as it's way after the date you posted it, but here it is anyway. Interesting analysis about the gender roles.
As for the business suit guy, you're reading way too much into him. This song is from a Bollywood movie called "Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge" (or "I Could Never Forget You"). The two "main" men are really good target practice shooters, and the business suit guy (aka the Commissioner of the Mumbai Police) wanted to hire them to assassinate baddies-that-get-away-with-murder. They turned him down. Hence their shock and surprise when they see him again after they very definitely closed that chapter. You can read more about the movie here: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0310254/