For the last week of December, we’re re-posting some of our favorite posts from 2012.
Paul M. sent along the image below, from an NPR story, commenting on the way skin color is used in the portrayal of evolution. There’s one obvious way to read this graphic: lighter-skinned people are more evolved (dare we say, “civilized”) than darker-skinned people. It seemed worthy to make a point of Paul’s observation, because this racialized presentation of evolution is really common. A search for the word on Google Images quickly turns up several more. In fact, almost every single illustration of evolution of this type, unless it’s in black and white, follows this pattern. (See also our post on representations of modern man.) Here’s what a Google image search returns, for example:
This is important stuff. It reinforces the idea that darker-skinned people are more animalistic than the lighter-skinned. It also normalizes light-skinned people as people and darker-skinned peoples as Black or Brown people, in the same way that we use the word “American” to mean White-American, but various hyphenated phrases (African-American, Asian-American, etc) to refer to everyone else. So, though this may seem like a trivial matter, the patterns add up to a consistent centering and applauding of Whiteness.
Comments 90
Aaron Dinkin — August 28, 2012
So, on *some* of these there's no difference in skin color between the more and less evolved hominids—the "modern" ones have pinkish white-person skin, but the "primitive" ones also have pinkish white-person skin, just covered with dark hair.
On others, such as the one at the top of the post, the skin color changes in the way you describe.
And in a couple of them, although the skin color doesn't change, for the very last "modern" man in the sequence, the hair color suddenly changes from "primitive" brown to red, which is a somewhat more subtle way of racializing evolution.
zee — August 28, 2012
Or... it's fur? While you may have a case with the end result always seeming kind of caucasian, I think the colour trend is just because of the reducing hairiness. If you look, in the 2nd, 3rd and 5th picture the face (the part not covered by hair) is pretty much consistent.
GuacamoleCaltrop — August 28, 2012
http://goo.gl/aCnqp
Bertram — August 28, 2012
Given the fact that intercourse/intermarriage among the different members of homo sapiens sapiens does not result in infertile individuals (cf. horses and donkeys) it seems clear that the so-called races are not subspecies, but simply of different colors. And BTW, White is a color. Even an albino has a color.
Tom Megginson — August 28, 2012
I remember watching Walking With Cavemen and noting that they went the other way — Homo Ergaster was fairly light-skinned (played by naked British actors), and the first Homo Sapiens were dark (played by sub-Saharan African actors who appeared to be San people). The explanation was that because chimps have pale skin under their fur, early hairless chimps (humanoids) started out light, and gradually adapted to the sun exposure with darker skin. Then, when some of them went north, they adapted to lighter skin again. (Which neanderthals, presumably, had already.)
Accurate or less so, this does underline the basic idea that the majority of human variation is local adaptation to local environments and pathogens; there is no "progression" of skin colour except towards (for example) better protection from the sun vs. better vitamin D absorption in a local climate. But the Victorian myth of progress continues to colour ('scuse the pun) Western perceptions.
Maribel Manibo Lazzarino — August 28, 2012
This is an interesting observation... while I think there is still insipid racism in many things, I question this assessment/view because most primates (at least chimpanzees and gorillas) ARE of black to dark fur and perhaps the assumption is made that past primates were of the same color. It does beg the question, however, as to why evolution images don't start from past primates to African dark-skinned homo sapiens, the accepted beginning of modern humans.
Matthew W. Hughey — August 28, 2012
I think some of the previous posters may be focusing too much on the past (primate) images and not enough on the later (humanoid) images. That is, why must the image become lighter especially when the majority of the world's peoples are dark? To lighten the human image is to associate modern humanity with a very small (just demographically speaking here) part of the world's human population. If one were being neutral about issues of race in these depictions (a few that pop up on google are, but that's the exception to the rule), the images' color would change little over their evolution, rather than become nearly white by the time the modern human is shown.
Lester Andrist — August 28, 2012
Psst...look at these pics with a gender lens too. Ever notice that the pinnacle of evolutionary progress is always a man?
silviolorusso.com | One Step Behind — August 28, 2012
[...] by this post by Lisa Wade ← Aug 26th, 2012 – Google Image Search for “image” / Icon [...]
Andrew S — August 28, 2012
I agree.
However, I do want to play devils advocate here, and point out that, if I'm not mistaken, chimps have light skin under their dark hair.
So in effect, perhaps the chimps are white too in these images, and we're simply becoming less hairy.
MJS — August 28, 2012
Maybe the artists were just trying to make the starkest possible contrast between parts covered with fur/hair and exposed skin?
Paul M. — August 28, 2012
Check it--haircuts and hair color seem to "evolve" too! Strange.
Diane Moffatt — August 28, 2012
Women are clearly unevolved
Thomas Gokey — August 28, 2012
Equating black people with monkeys is a racial stereotype. In the above examples the white man is the most highly evolved. I'm an artist and I'm trying to think of how I would avoid this problem if I was asked to illustrate the evolution of humans.
One thing that you could try to do is have the final fully human figure be a black person. The problem is that this wouldn't really get away from the problem and it fact it might be reasonably seen as doing the opposite, as an attempt to intensify the link between black people and monkeys.
This might be one of those areas where racism ruins all the options. Or maybe we just need a very inspired way to depict it that I'm not thinking of.
Julie — August 28, 2012
1. Consider that the perople making those drawings probably were white and that their purpose was to demonstrate gradual change. Odds are, early homonids had fur which would likely have been dark in color just like most other modern apes. The color change isn't about skin color, but about going from a dark-furred homnid to a figure that represents the the probalby light-skinned person who created the image. The first humans were not white, but had dark skin, so there is no reason for the pre-homesapient ancestors to have progressively whiter skin except as use artistic licence. The color change is a shorthand way to emphesize gradual change, not a commentary on race.
2. The first humans were not white. Lighter skin color is a result of mutations that occured in human beings after we left Africa, and certain populatins of humans grew to have lighter skin colors than others. So, yes, take a white person's ancestory and go far enough back and you will see their ancestors skin color get darker. Ligher skin color is something that some races evolved to have. This does NOT mean that white people are more evolved, however.
The images are not racist.
manyfaces — August 28, 2012
Are there any samples of this graphic from other cultures? The ones all shown seem to be from the west--suggesting that this is similar to the phenomenon of Jesus being presented as whatever the locals look like.
I also can't help but agree that the skin color should get lighter (no matter what the final color is) as we've evolved to spend less and less time outdoors.
Vadim McNab — August 28, 2012
More cutting edge social science studies work! Yeah!!!!
"This is important stuff"
No, it really isn't. At least not as you frame it here.
Gilbert Pinfold — August 29, 2012
If the 'out of Africa' thesis is correct, then white humans did evolve from black humans, with possible admixture of Neanderthal genes. They are, so to speak, a later model than the first (black) humans.
Yrro Simyarin — August 29, 2012
Seemed like we should include a link to the original: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Progress
These images are copying/referencing/parodying a specific illustration. I expect that may influence some of their choice of coloring.
Note that in the original, the difference in shading is largely to show a difference in body hair, although the final version of homo sapiens is still visibly European.
WG — August 29, 2012
These images are not representations of evolution. They are poor illustrations of pop evolution that are not based on scientific evidence.
gist — August 29, 2012
Try being white and born in Africa. In attempts to be correct the term "African" suddenly means dark skinned. "White African" is seen as an oxymoron. Everybody is trying to say the right thing but instead just ends up making white people feel like they are not allowed to feel that they belong here. Someone even remarked to me once that white people in SA go to Europe on their gap year to "go to their roots". I have to admit I laughed in his face. I refer to myself as African, but some people think that is completely incorrect. People are less alarmed at my being "South African". It's just weird.
BloodandthunderVII — August 29, 2012
It's especially messed up because light skin is a mutation that only came around some thousands of years ago. Long after we became Homo Sapiens.
It takes some serious hubris to show how monkeys appear to only evolve into white men...
Julie — August 29, 2012
It should be noted also that a few of these are only meant to be jokes. There is no commentary intentional or unintentional about race and color is incidental. The commentary in the jokes is on something else such as increasingly sedentary lifestyles, or as a satire of the image itself ("I'm being followed by monkeys.")
There is such a thing as looking too much into something and seeing what isn't there, and there is such a thing as ignoring the real message being made.
Sam Loy — August 29, 2012
Isn't the point of these illustrations to depict evolution up until the present day? In that case it would not tell the whole story to end the progression on a dark-skinned person. Even though dark-skinned people most certainly exist in today's world, our exterior has evolved beyond this point. Althought this doesn't explain why the image doesn't depict an Asian or Latino person. Perhaps this reflects the ethnocentricism of the original artist?
Allocution — August 29, 2012
It's better than the alternative: a dark-skinned hominid would be doubly racist because it would look like it's saying "POC are monkeys." Plus, white creationists are SO OFFENDED by the idea they're related to apes. Double whammy!
There is no way to remove all racist undertones from this picture.
Frauenförderung, High-Tech und der rassistische Totalausfall der FAZ – Linkspam — August 31, 2012
[...] die Darstellung der Evolution in der Wissenschaft selten ohne Rassifizierung auskommt, kann mensch auf SOCIOLOGIGAL IMAGES nachlesen [...]
Lemekpo — August 31, 2012
The actual point about evolution has to do with racial stereotypes,it has created a sort of division between the african and the american growth,although africans may live in a society where we have so much america,there is always a common name given to us. it is either we are Black or African-American. This is not only present among the black,it also present within the white where you have the caucasians,hispanic and so on. Racial stereotypes has become more of a way of identification and knoeing the level of maturity that we fall into
Things I read online this week | BASHful Bonobo — August 31, 2012
[...] Racialized representations of evolution I’ve been staring at pictures like these for years, but had never noticed this phenomenon. That’s just another way these images are misleading. [...]
Bernhe — September 1, 2012
Most of the comments seem to assume that we are the result of evolution. Maybe if we dispose of that assumption we can see clearly?
Evolution Graphic: Racial Component? « differenttogether — September 2, 2012
[...] before but never thought of them in the context of race until reading Lisa Wade’s analysis at Sociological Images. How could I have missed the way the images move from light to dark as they move from past to [...]
John4775 — September 2, 2012
The fact that people are so caught up on whats "racist" and what isn't is the problem. Black people look more like monkeys and thats just the way it is, just like white people look more like snow men. That's just the truth of the matter, people choosing to see it in a negative context are the problem.
Blind and loving it — September 10, 2012
I think it would still be viewed as racist if you had a chimp turn into a black man. That picture would look like something the KKK would use. The only way to be color blind is to actually practice being color blind. Stop trying to racialize things that aren't racial.
Rasistička reprezentacija evolucije » Centar za društveno-humanistička istraživanja — October 4, 2012
[...] Wade, jedna od urednica rubrike „Sociološke slike“ na stranicama thesocietypages.org osvrnula se na prikaze evolucije u medijima. Jedan od njezinih čitatelja poslao joj je fotografiju [...]
Diane Moffatt — December 27, 2012
How odd that no-one ever worries that it never ens up anything other than black or white.
Gok Kwan I suggest.
William Angel — December 27, 2012
One can see what one wishes in these images, especially the second image from the top. For instance, one inference is that the white man is a descendent of the apes, while the black man was created in the image of God in the Garden of Eden. " So God created human beings in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them" Genesis 1:27
I played around with this idea of God as a black man in my photograph titled "Eli's coming" http://www.flickr.com/photos/bill_angel/8243605379/
Guest — January 18, 2013
I can't believe that no one has even mentioned the fact that only one gender is represented. That's insulting in itself!
Lealtad al vínculo. | Qué Joder — February 22, 2013
[...] pero ya que estamos, vale la pena leer este comentario sobre la racialización en la representación de la evolución: en la mayoría de imágenes de este [...]
Mike Keesey — December 20, 2013
Every single one of those figures is male, too.
Binyavanga: Africa’s bankrupt middle-class | This Is Africa — March 5, 2014
[…] Hard to fathom, but some today believe the same when they look at racialised illustrations like these, completely misunderstanding Darwin's theory of evolution]. Wainaina in the video series argues […]
Binyavanga: Africa’s bankrupt middle-class | — July 29, 2014
[…] to fathom, but some today believe the same when they look at racialised illustrations like these, completely misunderstanding Darwin's theory of evolution]. Wainaina in the video series argues […]
Karis NuNyambe Balôck — August 11, 2014
that's foolish because apes skin is white!
Just another WordPress site — September 1, 2018
[…] Racialized representations of evolution […]
The Problems of Evolution as a “March of Progress” – SAPIENS - geeksscience — August 16, 2022
[…] ancestral human populations gave rise to, and were succeeded by, more complex people, who are often depicted as having lighter skin […]
The Issues of Evolution as a ‘March of Progress’ – The Wire Science - IND News Reporter — October 10, 2022
[…] populations gave rise to, and had been succeeded by, extra complicated individuals, who’re often depicted as having lighter pores and skin […]
The Problems of Evolution as a ‘March of Progress’ – The Wire Science – https://bhartiyanews24x7.com — October 11, 2022
[…] ancestral human populations gave rise to, and were succeeded by, more complex people, who are often depicted as having lighter skin […]
The Problems of Evolution as a ‘March of Progress’ – The Wire Science - CognitiveScNews — October 11, 2022
[…] ancestral human populations gave rise to, and were succeeded by, more complex people, who are often depicted as having lighter skin […]
CB — December 7, 2022
In any scenario, whether the human at the end is white, black, or somewhere in between, someone could find a reason to presume it is a statement on race; though it was clearly not the illustrations original intended message. Hence the alternative versions consisting of only silhouettes- as they are featureless, and were made precisely to avoid offending less evolved human beings that think this way :)