While the last fifty years have been characterized by increasing freedoms for women, this has not been true for men to the same degree. Women have entered masculine arenas throughout society, from where they work to what they wear, but men have not been freed to pursue feminine interests. Men still face teasing, ridicule, stigma, or even violence for daring to do “girly” things. Being a dancer or an elementary school teacher comes with raised eyebrows, askew glances, and questions as to one’s sexual orientation; enjoying “chick flicks” or preferring Cosmos to Coronas likely attracts teasing; and wearing a dress or high heels is essentially tolerated only on Halloween.
So girly things are still a no man’s land.
Unless.
Unless a very high status man — a man whose masculinity is undeniable, a leader among men — explores that land and plants a man flag. If a man is so manly as to have begun to define manliness itself, then that man can change the very definition, thereby de-feminizing, and therefore de-stigmatizing an activity. What once would have been cause for ridicule suddenly becomes unremarkable, i.e., man-approved.
Marco Roso, of DIS Magazine, sent me an example of such a transformation: the alice band. Known to Americans as headbands,” an alice band is a loop or horseshoe-shaped hair accessory designed to push hair back away from the face. It is a distinctly feminine accessory. Or at least it was. European footballers have begun wearing them to keep their hair back while playing. While a man lower on the masculine social hierarchy may have been teased relentlessly for donning such a girl-associated item, these high-status, wildly-admired men seem to be changing the social construction of the alice band.
Lisa Wade, PhD is an Associate Professor at Tulane University. She is the author of American Hookup, a book about college sexual culture; a textbook about gender; and a forthcoming introductory text: Terrible Magnificent Sociology. You can follow her on Twitter and Instagram.
Comments 47
Sam — May 29, 2011
There's also the practicality of the accessory. Wearing the headbands is justifiable because it improves the performance of a masculine activity, removing the hair from their eyes and thus making them better footballers. If the men were to wear the headbands simply as a fashion accessory, or to remove their hair from their faces as they baked, the headbands would not support masculinity and therefore would be much less acceptable.
The interesting part of this is that the other, more masculine solution would be for the men to cut their hair shorter. It appears that social conceptions of attractive hairstyles for men are changing, favoring longer hair again.
ithiliana — May 29, 2011
Yes, I'm sure that there are stigmas against males engaging in 'feminine' behavior, but the idea that's it's more/greater/worse than teh wimminz who get all this freedom to dress/behave in 'masculine' ways--I get all doubtful.
First, there's the assumption that there's feminine/masculine as a stable binary.
Second, I'm not sure it's men so much as boys--remembering the "omg that woman is turning her son gay with pink toenail polish"--and it's as much about sexuality as gender roles/behaviors, i.e. let's not forget how gay masculinity is stigmatized as femininity/effiminacy (and there's all this blame for MOTHERS feminizing their sons).
Third, the posts I've seen about it all seem to focus entirely on white people and to be fairly tied to the middle class. The intersectionality of gender, class, ethnicity, etc. is really never considered in the ones I'm seeing recently.
Fifth, girls/women who do engage in what I might call workaday or more functional masculine clothing and behaviors are stigmatized as well--there's always been a "cutsey-fied" "tomboy" sort of look for women that was just fine (I'm struggling for words because I don't know enough terminology)--as long as the girl or woman in question was white, middle class, notfat, cis, and (presumably) doing it for the men. (I saw a post recently about the women who worked in factories during WWII being arrested after work for being on the streets in their work clothes).
So, I keep wondering how much of this rhetoric (like the "OMG boys are not doing better than girls in school" it's discrimination by those awful wimmin teachers) (which let us not forget are usually paid very badly despite the apparent luxury lifestyle teachers have in Wisconsin /sarcasm) is about making it all about men, and centering men's experiences as the most important.
syd — May 29, 2011
It only makes sense. Since the 1960s (with a break in the mid/late 1990s) longish hair has been increasing in popularity in men, to a point where older generations will say that boys or young men with hair as pictured "look like girls." If "female" hairstyles are steadily becoming more normalized for men, why then would the accessories women and girls use to tame those hairstyles not follow? It wasn't too long ago that ponytails and braids were not seen as "manly" as well, though nowadays any person who is aware would not accuse a man wearing a ponytail or braids of looking "girly."
Decius — May 29, 2011
I'm glad I have the approval of society now for my hairstyle. Now all I need is acceptance for the fact that I do not intend to marry, settle down and start a family.
Chlorine — May 29, 2011
Oh... I was super disappointed when I got to the photos. I'm trans (FtM) and very feminine, but have actually stopped doing feminine things I enjoy so that people won't question my gender identity quite so much. I LOOOOVE headbands since they're something that can make a short hairstyle a bit more interesting and I miss them an awful lot and got really excited reading this that MAYBE I would be able to start wearing them again.
But no, they're sports people using them for sports and they're really plain black or white bands. :( Until a man starts wearing them as a fashion accessory day to day, all this will bring are EXTREME HAIR SUPPRESORS 2000 XL or something, to be worn during EXTREME MAN SPORTS and nothing more.
Gender roles/segregation/whatever makes me so sad.
Christian — May 29, 2011
David Beckham was doing this about 10 years ago, so .... not that new.
Abbi — May 30, 2011
It's not just European footballers: This French chef who is also popular in Israel, Stéphane Froidevaux, also sports a headband when he's cooking, which means nearly every show on which he appears:
You can see here in the pic on this page: http://www.grenoble-tourism.com/380-the-chefs.htm
KP — May 30, 2011
Just wanted to say I saw young men wearing these bands in Italy in the circa 2005 frequently--and not while they were playing sports per se, but with jeans, hanging out, etc.
Madtsara — May 30, 2011
I am a teacher in an urban juvenile detention facility and my male students have been wearing these for at least the last six months without comment. These are, for the most part, badass gangstas. They wear them without comment from themselves or others.
jim — May 30, 2011
Back in the '60s and early '70s Joe Namath (quarterback for the New York Jets) wore pantyhose during games in cold weather. Talked a lot about it, too. This did not result in disgendering the item.
Lillian — May 30, 2011
You also see these in Japan (and I think Korea), not necessarily on sports stars but on young men (e.g. the character of Shin in "Gokusen," the TV series).
Andrew — May 31, 2011
Seems to me that the basic headband is only a "distinctly feminine accessory" to the extent that long hair itself is "distinctly feminine." All of those footballers' hairstyles would have once been considered inappropriate for men - and surely still are in some parts of the world - but long hair has been destigmatized for most or all of these men's lifetimes.
Also, there's the matter of fads and expectations of gender being different from place to place. Here in Germany, the waxed bodies, stubble-free faces, fake tans, and haute couture often seen on European footballers are also relatively normal for men of their age and class, although they might scan as effeminate elsewhere.
Brandon — May 31, 2011
I think it's worth noting that American concepts of masculinity commonly mock European men and soccer. I can easily imagine American men thinking the long hair and the alice bands are completely ridiculous, and that these are not in fact "real men" at all.
Anonymous — October 2, 2011
I don't think being a male elementary school teacher gets raised eyebrows.
cheap bras — January 29, 2012
Amazing write-up! This could aid plenty of people find out more about this particular issue. Are you keen to integrate video clips coupled with these? It would absolutely help out. Your conclusion was spot on and thanks to you; I probably won’t have to describe everything to my pals. I can simply direct them here!
Wierdbeard65 — February 3, 2014
Let us just hope that these "man-gods" start wearing stilettos and ball-goens soon :-D
Seksisme alarm: ”Misbruikte voetballers zijn geen echte mannen” | De Zesde Clan — November 30, 2016
[…] organisaties. Vaak krijgt het slachtofferschap dan een extra lading mee. Voetballers gelden als het toppunt van mannelijkheid. Zeker de sterren, de topscorers, belichamen een ideaalbeeld van ware macho mannelijkheid. Ieder […]