Re-posted in honor of the 19 firefighters who lost their lives in Arizona yesterday. Cross-posted at BlogHer and The Huffington Post.
Firefighters put their lives on the line to protect other people’s property and lives. Why do they choose to take such dangerous work? Sociologist Matthew Desmond asks this question in his book, On the Fireline: Living and Dying with Wildland Firefighters, and the answer is truly surprising.
Desmond, who put himself through college fighting fires in Arizona, returned to his old job as a graduate student in order to study his fellow firefighters. When he asked them why they were willing to put their lives at risk to fight fires, the firefighters responded, “Risk? What risk?”
It turned out that the firefighters didn’t think that their work was dangerous. How is this possible?
Desmond explains that most of the firefighters were working-class men from the country who had been working with nature all of their lives. They raised cattle and rode horses; they cut down trees, chopped firewood, and built fences; they hunted and fished as often as they could. They were at home in nature. They felt that they knew nature. And they had been manipulating nature all their lives. Desmond wrote: “…my crewmembers are much more than confident on the fireline. They are comfortable.”
To these men, fire was just another part of nature. They believed that if you understood the forest, respected fire, and paid attention, then you could keep yourself safe. Period. Fire wasn’t dangerous. One of the firefighters put it like this:
Cause, personally, I don’t consider my life in danger. I think that the people I work with and with the knowledge I know, my life isn’t in danger… If you know, as a firefighter, how to act on a fire, how to approach it, this and that, I mean you’re, yeah, fire can hurt you. But if you know, if you can soak up the stuff that has been taught to you, it’s not a dangerous job.
When these men were called “heroes,” they laughed. Desmond wrote: “The thought of dying on the fireline is so distant from firefighters’ imaginations that they find the idea comedic.”
When a fellow firefighter did tragically die on the fireline during Desmond’s study, he discovered just how deep this went. Unwilling to consider the possibility that fire was dangerous (at least in front of each other), the only way to make sense of the death was to find fault in an individual, or even blame the dead firefighter for being “stupid.” Desmond recounts this conversation:
“That sucks,” J.J. said.
“Someone fucked up,” Donald responded, immediately. “I’ll tell you what happened: Someone fucked up…”
Heads nodded.
Craig Neilson, the Fire Prevention Officer, added, “Their communications might have been fucked. . . . The fire was under them and burned up.”
“They probably weren’t paying attention,” Donald said…
“They’re probably stupid. Probably weren’t talking to their crew,” Peter guessed.
“Yep. They’re fuckin’ stupid, not talking to anyone. They should’ve known better than to build a helispot on top of the fire,” said Donald.
Heads continued to nod…
Desmond’s answer to why firefighters take such a risky job — because they don’t think it’s risky — was a fabulous counterpoint to dominant theories of risk taking at the time, which tended to suggest that men who did risky things were trying to prove their masculinity or seek adoration as a hero.
It’s easy to conclude that the firefighters are delusional for thinking that fire isn’t risky, but Desmond does a wonderful job of showing that their denial of risk is mundane. We do it every day that we jump into a car and approach 70 miles per hour on the freeway. If we are worried about our safety, it’s usually because we are concerned about the skills and attention of other drivers. Most of us think that we, personally, are pretty decent, even great drivers. The firefighters tend to feel the same about fire.
Today’s deaths remind us that fire is dangerous. We should also remember that risky jobs are disproportionately filled by the least powerful members of our society. Wildland firefighters are typically low income men from rural backgrounds; in Desmond’s study, they were also disproportionately Latino and American Indian. As Desmond wrote: “Certain bodies, deemed precious, are protected, while others, deemed expendable, protect.” Let’s take a moment to remember the 19 who lost their lives yesterday, as well as the other men and women who do the dangerous work of America. And be careful everybody.
Note for Instructors: I teach this book in Soc 101, with great success. I wrote a review in Teaching Sociology and you can download my lecture notes here. And Talking Points Memo posted a slideshow of photos of a wildfire in Arizona.
Lisa Wade, PhD is an Associate Professor at Tulane University. She is the author of American Hookup, a book about college sexual culture; a textbook about gender; and a forthcoming introductory text: Terrible Magnificent Sociology. You can follow her on Twitter and Instagram.
Comments 60
Another Jack — June 18, 2011
It could be that being a firefighter actually isn't as risky a job as most people assume, and for a site that likes to use graphs as sociological images so much I'm surprised this doesn't come up more:
http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/20/the-most-dangerous-jobs-in-america/
. . . showing that the most dangerous jobs are in fishing, logging, piloting, construction, farming . . . police, firefighter, and soldier don't even make the top ten.
DonBoy — June 18, 2011
Isn't this pretty much how much people think about cars? We're used to them, and if there's an accident we find out whose fault it is and reassure ourselves that we'd be smarter than that.
DonBoy — June 18, 2011
MOST people think about cars...
MPS — June 18, 2011
That's not what I would have guessed.
I would guess that most career-focused men choose the career they do because of status. Sometimes the career itself grants status -- an academic is respected for his intellect and perception, an artist for his perception and his creativity, a soldier for his bravery -- and sometimes the career is to make a lot of money, which is what grants the status in the end. From a young age, one subconsciously assesses his strengths and weaknesses, and enjoys or has higher tolerance for those activities that suit his strengths, with an eye toward developing them and winning the high regard of others. Whether conscious or not, the goal is social regard and signaling, the purpose of which is to attract women. I realize that is totally male-centric. I think it reflects the social / cultural standard that women tend to be attracted to men on balance more for their status, than for their appearance. Obviously the major weakness of the theory is explaining career-focused women. I'd guess it's second order: they see the status game among men, don't realize it's just a game for winning women (after all the men are hardly aware of this either), and so they get drawn in too. Or perhaps because the whole game is a social construct (despite being largely subconscious), developed from men exploiting legacies of gender-imbalanced power and control of resources to their advantage in the mating contest, but with these legacies becoming weaker, women can now draw on the same instinct to their advantage.
larax — June 18, 2011
My husband runs controlled burns as part of his job, and he sure as hell thinks they're dangerous, as does his crew. Maybe it's different because he SETS the fires, but I don't think so.
However, when there is a death or mishap on a fire, anywhere, he does dissect the situation and may criticize something about it. Isn't that natural? You want to know why and figure out if it could happen to you.
I also wonder if these responses were partly bravado or an unwillingness to be open.
Tuathla — June 18, 2011
@MPS:
really? i'm a woman and getting into the air force and my goal is to eventually become a pilot. by your reasoning, i've subconsciously chosen this path because i've fallen into the woman-getting game. not so in reality. i've always wanted to be in the air, and wanted to be in the military, ergo, my career choice.
i have a good friend who is a homicide detective, and a volunteer fire fighter in his town. he chose his path, not to get women (he can get many), but rather because he likes to help others, and he was drawn to being the advocate for the victim.
so yeah, i can understand how fire fighters don't see themselves as necessarily being in all that much danger.
Sara S — June 18, 2011
This is interesting - I took a sociology course on natural disasters and emergencies and during that we talked about the Mann Gulch and South Canyon fires - both of them resulted in the deaths of 13 and 14 firefighters respectively. We discussed a couple of things about firefighters - one article in particular suggested that firefighters weren't really incredibly brave but working-class men and women who saw the work as a good opportunity for seasonal pay. It was more a suggestion that we shouldn't glorify firefighters because in reality they wouldn't do the work if they had better options. Another case study suggested that firefighters will take risks that are against safety guidelines because they grow comfortable with the work and don't see any other way to get the job done. The South Canyon tragedy in particular was a result of trying to create a fire line downhill. Oddly enough none of the things we read in class suggested status as motivating factor for choosing the job but both the Mann Gulch and South Canyon fires did suggest that people died because they didn't pay attention to risk factors.
Jack — June 18, 2011
Fighting/controlling fires in an open area is a lot different than running into a residential or commercial building. I think the danger is much less apparent in an open area as compared to a closed one. I'd much prefer fighting forest fires to running into a burning building, but I haven't looked into risk assessments for either job.
K00kyKelly — June 18, 2011
...and this is why victim blaming will never go away.
Maya Rogers — June 19, 2011
A lot of firefighters (more so in the city) are former members of the military. I believe that all branches of the military offer firefighting as a career choice, and for some branches such as the Navy, everyone is expected to know the basics of preventing and putting out a fire. In general, a lot of high risk civil service jobs (police, firefighters, state trooper)often go to former members of the military,
Kat — June 19, 2011
I would like to know about urban firefighters and their reasoning and risk assessment. It is highly unlikely that they all have moved from the countryside and been "in touch with nature".
[links] Link salad says Happy Father’s Day | jlake.com — June 19, 2011
[...] Why Do Firefighters Take Such Risky Jobs? — Fascinating article. To misquote Willie Sutton, “Because that’s where the money is.” [...]
links for 2011-06-19 « Embololalia — June 19, 2011
[...] Why Do Firefighters Take Such a Risky Job? Desmond, who put himself through college fighting fires in Arizona, returned to his old job as a graduate student in order to study his fellow firefighters. When he asked them why they were willing to put their lives at risk to fight fires, the firefighters responded, “Risk? What risk?” It turned out that the firefighters didn’t think that their work was dangerous. How is this possible? (tags: emergency.services risk usa) LikeBe the first to like this post. [...]
Syngen — June 20, 2011
This attitude is really pervasive in risky jobs. In chemistry we do the same as the firefighters....
Plus we're pretty used to fires. They happen. We just know how to put them out.
Though I'll grant you that a fire that big is pretty scary to me.
Umlud — June 28, 2011
A recent study about the image of firemen as being 'macho':
http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-06-firefighters-macho-men.html
Gynomite’s Reading Room! « Gynomite! — June 28, 2011
[...] is a great article on why firefighters decide to be firefighters. Very eye [...]
Steve — May 3, 2012
Very interesting. I wonder if this same principle applies to other dangerous jobs - like fishermen, logging workers or pilots?
pduggie — July 1, 2013
As Desmond wrote: “Certain bodies, deemed precious, are protected, while others, deemed expendable, protect.”
ugh. Why "bodies"? Its so grating. It sounds so cant-filled.
Why Do Firefighters Choose Such Risky Work? - — July 1, 2013
[...] post originally appeared on Sociological Images, a Pacific Standard partner [...]
Agrajag — July 2, 2013
I don't think the car-analogy is very good. Driving a car is in actual fact not very dangerous. Where I live, about 150 people a year die in traffic-accidents. This among over 2 million cars being driven about 20 billion miles a year. The most dangerous thing about taking the car is that it means *not* walking or biking, and inactivity kills a dozen people for each time a traffic-accident kills one person.
Tristan Bridges — July 3, 2013
I wrote about gender and work-related death a while ago as well here (http://wp.me/p28qKO-m9). Great post! I'm teaching Intro this fall. I'm considering adopting Desmond's book for the Spring after reading this and your teaching notes. Thanks for sharing! Best, Tristan
Max Kingsbury — July 3, 2013
This attitude is very similar to that I saw in the soldiers in the documentary "Restrepo". Any time someone is killed, they frame it as being because of some mistake that they or someone else made, not because of inherent danger. Maybe it's a way to cope with the fact that sometimes there is no way to prevent your own injury or death.
Leda — December 29, 2013
Some years back there was a cogent article about whether men attempt riskier actions compared to women because men are less risk-averse, i.e. more courageous than women - or because men are less risk-aware than women. Turned out their sample of men tended to consistently underestimate actual risk, whereas the women's assessment of risk was closer to fact. I just Googled madly to try to find this article, but failed! Curses!
SarahJane — March 4, 2014
I have nothing but respect for firefighters. I hope they get the best retirement packages for what they do. safe harbor 401k
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aamsdm vm — August 8, 2015
i dont like this site]
Joe Bluto — May 23, 2017
One line tells me this guys is full of S**t and his work is for something OTHER than studying firefighters: "Wildland firefighters are typically low income men from rural backgrounds; in Desmond’s study, they were also disproportionately Latino and American Indian. As Desmond wrote: “Certain bodies, deemed precious, are protected, while others, deemed expendable, protect.”
I worked a Type-1 Incident Management Team as part of Admin / Finance section which meant I paid the bills and payrolls of ALL the fire crews. The VAST VAST majority of crews racial/ethnic makeup are young WHITE men. There are "smatterings" of Latino and Native Americans and some specific crews are mostly Latino or Native American but VAST majority of firefighters are young white men. And they're paid fairly well. Fire season is when a lot of these folks make enough money to carry them through long periods of joblessness. So they do tend to come from working class and poor backgrounds but the idea that "rich WHITE America" is making their minorities take all the risks on the fire line is liberal academic nonsense. What's more, since THIS guy was actually THERE he is either lying or choosing to ignore what doesn't confirm his chosen narrative. What's THAT say about his books? Think about THAT before you invest time and money in one.
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