This is the third part in a series about how girls and women can navigate a culture that treats them like sex objects. See also parts One and Two. Cross-posted at Ms. and Caroline Heldman’s Blog.
This post outlines four damaging daily rituals of objectification culture we can immediately stop engaging in to improve our health.
1) Stop seeking male attention.
Most women have been taught that heterosexual male attention is the Holy Grail and its hard to reject this system of validation, but we must. We give our power away when we engage in habitual body monitoring so we can be visually pleasing to others. The ways in which we seek attention for our bodies varies by sexuality, race, ethnicity, and ability, but the template is the “male gaze.”
Heterosexual male attention is actually pretty easy to give up when you think about it.
- First, we seek it mostly from strangers we will never see again, so it doesn’t mean anything in the grand scheme of life. Who cares what the man in the car next to you thinks of your profile? You’ll probably never see him again.
- Secondly, men in U.S. culture are raised to objectify women as a matter of course, so an approving gaze doesn’t mean you’re unique or special, it’s something he’s supposed to do.
- Thirdly, male validation is fleeting and valueless; it certainly won’t pay your rent or get you a book deal. In fact, being seen as sexy hurts at least as much as it helps women.
- Lastly, men are terrible validators of physical appearance because so many are duped by make-up, hair coloring and styling, surgical alterations, girdles, etc. If I want an evaluation of how I look, a heterosexual male stranger is one of the least reliable sources on the subject.
Fun related activity: When a man cat calls you, respond with an extended laugh and declare, “I don’t exist for you!” Be prepared for a verbally violent reaction as you are challenging his power as the great validator. Your gazer likely won’t even know why he becomes angry since he’s just following the societal script that you’ve just interrupted.
2) Stop consuming damaging media.
Damaging media includes fashion, “beauty,” and celebrity magazines, and sexist television programs, movies, and music. Beauty magazines in particular give us very detailed instructions for how to hate ourselves, and most of us feel bad about our bodies immediately after reading. Similar effects are found with television and music video viewing. If we avoid this media, we undercut the $80 billion a year Beauty-Industrial Complex that peddles dissatisfaction to sell products we really don’t need.
Related fun activity: Print out sheets that say something subversive about beauty culture — e.g., “This magazine will make you hate your body” — and stealthily put them in front of beauty magazines at your local supermarket or corner store.
3) Stop Playing the Tapes.
Many girls and women play internal tapes on loop for most of our waking hours, constantly criticizing the way we look and chiding ourselves for not being properly pleasing in what we say and what we do. Like a smoker taking a drag first thing in the morning, many of us are addicted to this self-hatred, inspecting our bodies first thing as we hop out of bed to see what sleep has done to our waistline, and habitually monitoring our bodies throughout the day. These tapes cause my female students to speak up less in class. They cause some women to act stupidly in order to appear submissive and therefore less threatening. These tapes are the primary way we sustain our body hatred.
Stopping the body-hatred tapes is no easy task, but keep in mind that we would be utterly offended if someone else said the insulting things we say to ourselves. Furthermore, we are only alive for a short period of time, so it makes no sense to fill our internal time with negativity that only we can hear. What’s the point? These tapes aren’t constructive, and they don’t change anything in the physical world. They are just a mental drain.
Related fun activity: Make a point of not worrying about what you look like. Sit with your legs sprawled and the fat popping out wherever. Walk with a wide stride and some swagger. Public eating in a decidedly non-ladylike fashion is also great fun. Burp and fart without apology. Adjust your breasts when necessary. Unapologetically take up space.
4) Stop Competing with Other Women.
The rules of the society we were born into require us to compete with other women for our own self-esteem. The game is simple. The “prize” is male attention, which we perceive of as finite, so when other girls/women get attention, we lose. This game causes many of us to reflexively see other women as “natural” competitors, and we feel bad when we encounter women who garner more male attention, as though it takes away from our worth. We walk into parties and see where we fit in the “pretty girl pecking order.” We secretly feel happy when our female friends gain weight. We criticize other women’s hair, clothing, and other appearance choices. We flirt with other women’s boyfriends to get attention, even if we’re not romantically interested in them.
Related fun activity: When you see a woman who triggers competitiveness, practice active love instead. Smile at her. Go out of your way to talk to her. Do whatever you can to dispel the notion that female competition is the natural order. If you see a woman who appears to embrace the male attention game, instead of judging her, recognize the pressure that produces this and go out of your way to accept and love her.
Stay tuned for Sexual Objectification, Part 4: Daily Rituals to Start.
Caroline Heldman is a professor of politics at Occidental College. You can follow her at her blog and on Twitter and Facebook.
Comments 178
peebs1701 — July 10, 2012
I really have to object to the way this article places the responsibility on *women* for their own oppression. Could we have something about how men (or anyone really) should stop objectifying strangers on the street, stop producing the cultural narratives that push women toward the beauty industry, stop body policing other people, and stop acting like other people should be in competition?
anon — July 10, 2012
The first one leaves no room for women who consciously, happily, healthily seek out male attention. The assumption is also that all male attention is objectification. Just as someone can appreciate my intellect, my creativity, my compassion or whatever, and I can enjoy the attention I get from that, they can also appreciate my sexuality, and give me attention for that.
The important thing I think is equating male attention with your absolute worth as a human being. I have a fairly solid core of self worth that I try to nurture, but it would be pretty disingenuous to say that I don't enjoy being enjoyed by men.
Lunad — July 10, 2012
While I agree with the general outlines of this article, the specifics are both patronizing and unhelpful, especially the first point. There are many aspects of life that require a certain amount of professional or tidy dress, and it is not helpful to simply say don't care about your appearance. I believe that most people don't consciously think that all of the primping that they do is for the male gaze. It is more useful to remind people to actively think about why they do the beauty regimens they do - is it to get a promotion/ to look professional? To "snag" a man? To make your significant other happy? Or is there no reason BEYOND the societal pressure to look good all the time? Who are you doing it for? If you say it is for yourself, but it takes a huge amount of time and isn't fun, is it really so you look good in the mirror, or so you look good on the street? Maybe you should question why looking good makes you more confident? Once people are thinking about the reasons, then they can think about the costs/benefits of the amount of time spent, and decide for themselves.
Spezek — July 10, 2012
Erm, why is the "fun activity" in #3 basically acting like a giant douchecanoe?
How is it empowering to be an asshole and take up extra space, fart and burp in public, and act like a slob?
It's not body hatred to act in a civilized manner, and insinuating as such detracts from the whole article.
Tusconian — July 10, 2012
WOW. So, none of these steps are suggestions for men? You know, like "stop catcalling women on the street," "stop looking the other way when your frat bro roofies a girl," or "stop raising your sons to see women as sex objects and food machines?" Just, "ladies, stop interacting with men and also go vandalize your supermarket's magazine rack." Steps 3 and 4 are fine for boosting personal self-esteem, but 1 and 2 seem ridiculous. Step 1 specifically seems to have an undercurrent of slut shaming. Any woman who wants or appreciates male attention is what causes objectification, not the men seeking female attention in inappropriate ways. The step is insulting both to women and to men. It assumes that everything a woman does is for male attention if male attention is received, and that all heterosexual men are worthless and see women only as sex objects. Not all male attention is bad. I don't know any woman who actually likes the type of male attention you're talking about (not that you're differentiating it from any other type of male attention), so that step just comes off as condescending. Most women who dress sexy and color their hair don't do it to be catcalled on the street. Step 2....you don't know why people purchase magazines, so stop telling them not to. And pointing out that Cosmo is sexist is not subversive. Everyone knows that. If I found such a note on the magazine rack, I'd be angry that some 14 year old who doesn't understand that she's not the first feminist in the world is being so patronizing to me, and buy two.
So, yeah, TLDR: this article is mostly patronizing, condescending, simplistic slut shaming.
pduggie — July 10, 2012
So sexual objectification is bad for women, and the first thing to do is
"1) Stop seeking male attention. "
I'm ok with that, and it seems very SENSIBLE. But usually feminists label that as blaming the victim and putting the onus on women, or slut-shaming, or denying their ability to be sexually assertive (what does that mean w.r.t. appearance anyway).
unscrambled — July 10, 2012
Besides relying on the marginalized populations to change the behavior of the marginalizing persons, and negating the idea that people might want to look good for themselves or actually be seeking the attention of some partner and doing that involves various body modifications that are in line with your notion of the patriarchy, your idea of a fun time is a thing that often results in physical violence and/or threats of violence (particularly if you are from a multiply marginalized group) in step 1, and disrespecting (yes, burping/farting/titty adjustment in public is disrespectful in my mind, regardless of gender) people around you, regardless of gender in step 3. I wouldn't ask any woman to do either of those things.
Which is to say: gender justice: you're doing it wrong.
Maryanne — July 10, 2012
Tough I totally 'get' the comments and critisism, I appreciate what the writer has been trying to do. I have found myself acting like an idiot (i.e. making myself seem less smart) to get some kin of 'approval' from men that really didn't matter after all. I have done it and felt weird and shitty afterwards. I think that's what the writer is trying to point out: it's not about burping in front of your boss or being deliberately rude. It's about not giving a toss whether somebosy that doesn't matter in your life thinks you're more fuckable than anyone else in the room/street/beach/bar/disco.
I do think the male gaze make women compete amongst their female peers for male approval. In the patriarchy, male approval is more valuable, in the general notion, than female approval.
And since this male gaze is so internalized in many women, (or excuse me, maybe I should say 'I' here) could only benefit from questioning this.
This is not to say that a person of the opposite sex (or the same for that matter) cannot or shouldn't fancy you. It's about not valuing the sexual approval of a person that you're actually not that interested in anyway.
Whatevs — July 10, 2012
Your article is a sad proof of the fact that you always become what you fight.
Anna — July 10, 2012
Horrible article, and I especially can't believe number 2 was actually approved by the editors of a sociology blog.
disappointed — July 10, 2012
also, what about non-heterosexual women? we often feel just as much pressure to feel bad about our bodies; it's not all about male attention.
pduggie — July 10, 2012
"a series about how girls and women can navigate a culture that treats them like sex objects."
I get the sense that a lot of commenters here didn't like her writing an article with that purpose, and wanted a different article instead?
Hmd — July 10, 2012
This is wonderful! Beautifully stated. We spend much of our time blaming men for he way women are treated, but we need to take responsibility AS WELL. We need to encourage each other not to fall into the traps that not only bring down the individual, but all of us. If we are respectful of ourselves and other women, there will be no space for men to be disrespectful, we won't allow it.
Laughing Rat — July 10, 2012
While these are extremely good ideas, only one of them is something you can simply stop doing (consuming damaging media), and even that is difficult to completely stop because of the ubiquity of the media in question. The other three items on the list are things most women have been trained since birth to do, and are now integral parts of our personalities. Ending them is a difficult process. Implying that it is or should be easy--that it's just a matter of belief and willpower--is setting women up for more failure.
Ambertucker78 — July 10, 2012
It isn't placing the onus on women to stop their own oppression. It's just giving us helpful ways to feel better in a patriarchal culture, while actively choosing not to participate in it.
Yunnan Chen — July 10, 2012
So much for controverting social norms and overturning sexism, the 'fun activities' for 2) and 3) are just telling you to go around and be an arsebag. Not helping feminism to be taken seriously and just perpetuating the hysterical aggressive feminist trope so popular in the media.
I like Caitlyn Moran's litmus test for 'is it sexist?'. Basically, replace 'sexist' with 'rude'. Stop evaluating everything in terms of sex, and ask yourself if this is just a disrespectful behaviour, regardless of gender. Starting a flirty conversation in the bar is not rude (depending on the tone of the conversation). Being yelled at in the street for your tits is.
Putting subversive signs over magazines is just twattish. Ditto for behaving like an arse in public. Get men and women to be just decent respectable human beings to each other.
Vera — July 10, 2012
I'm sorry but "Make a point of not worrying about what you look like. Sit with your legs sprawled and the fat popping out wherever." Doesn't sound like "fun" at all... I DO care how I look. I'm happily married and don't do a single thing in the world to attract other men's attention, nor do I care or notice if they give it to me. But I do like feeling good about the way that I look and take pride in looking good and acting politely. I teach my boys as well as my girls to be the same way - yes, I make my daughters brush their hair and sit up straight with they legs together, but I also don't let my sons go out with food all over their clothes burping in public. There is a HUGE difference between getting plastic surgery to look like a model and just looking your best and being respectful of those around you. There is absolutely nothing "fun" about being a huge, nasty slob. Men or women.
Darwinfox — July 10, 2012
How about this, how about do whatever makes you feel happy and confident, support other women to do the same, and fuck the haters.
I found the tone of this entire article to be hugely condescending, but I'm going to deal with number 1 because it's the one that I felt most judged by.
As a visual artist I deeply enjoy painting my face in vibrant makeup, dying and styling my hair on a whim, and wearing visually interesting clothing. I enjoy aesthetic features in myself and in others. I enjoy it when my art school friends tell me that my hair is awesome, or my makeup is striking, or my dress is beautiful.
I don't enjoy it when total strangers on the street ask me if if I've "got a boyfriend pounding that pussy on the regular, sweet heart?" Do you know what I was wearing when that little gem was tossed my way? Jeans and a paint splattered t-shirt, my hair was a mess from a six hour studio class and I didn't have a lick of makeup on. And you know what I was feeling? Not confident. And maybe it's just easier to brush off if I do feel awesome, but that seems to be how it goes.
LivelyClamor — July 10, 2012
The whole thing is really bullying. "Just Ignore It" is not how to fix it.
SuedeHat — July 10, 2012
"We secretly feel happy when our female friends gain weight. We criticize
other women’s hair, clothing, and other appearance choices. We flirt
with other women’s boyfriends to get attention, even if we’re not
romantically interested in them."
Speak for yourself.
the_apricot — July 10, 2012
I'm disappointed by the suggested "fun activities". I would not feel safe doing #1. I think #2 is rude - I don't buy beauty magazines but it's not my job to tell other women that I know better than they do what they should be reading. #3 comes with social consequences that aren't even addressed in this post at all. As for #4, being friendly is great, but don't expect anybody to read your mind and know that you're trying to send a message about female competition.
DI — July 10, 2012
This article is a parody, right?
Christian — July 10, 2012
I have a problem with 'fun' activity number 1 (and it's not just that it doesn't really sound fun): how does leaving your catcaller confused and angry help anything? If you really want to change his attitude (I would argue it's not always safe to attempt it, but whatever) try having a meaningful conversation rather than laughing at him like a maniac and then yelling.
As far as no. 3 goes, do remember while you're doing all that empowering slouching that good posture is important for a healthy spine! And it's good for your core, too :)
Lavi — July 10, 2012
This was an okay series on a great blog, but this post is by far inappropriate.
Are you really going to publish the fourth part when the response is overwhelming negative? It isn't that people are disagreeing, but rather that this piece is not up to snuff. There is a lack of depth and understanding.
AlleyneEvans — July 10, 2012
Just stop, ladies. Stop doing everything you've been socialized and acculturated to do. It's your own responsibility to throw off everything you've learned in your entire life if you want to stop being treated badly. This is your burden to carry, don't you ever forget it, and I'm another lady telling you so to give this more gravitas.
Imagine if this had been written by someone called Charles Heldman. It would never have been posted. It wouldn't have passed the smell test, and it still doesn't.
Nicole — July 10, 2012
hm, well as taken as the 3rd
part in a whole I think it seems relevant. We do play a role in the
society we live in and in the perpetuation of the way our culture works.
I know most women do many of those things at times and it certainly
doesn't help the issue. While the narration aspect at the end didn't
really add to it in a positive way, I think their point was yes, we do
play a part. I agree with that. After all, who has raised these men for
the most part? (Generalizing of course) But the impact of women on their
male children in this specific way at least, by past generations, while
making strides, could use still some work. I definitely play some part
in how men treat me and the BS I put upon my self if I buy into
societies lies with my dollars or other wise.
Of course it's not
easy to 'stop playing internal tapes' we have been ingrained with. I am
sure it is equally difficult for men to do the same. In my experience
the mass majority don't get it in the least or even see it is a valid
issue, beyond obvious violence etc.Reading
the comments, I get why people aren't liking the article. I think the
problem with discussions like this is we can see all the ways that their
points ARE BS. Like- 'So I am bad if I seek male attention?!' Heck, we
need male attention to perpetuate the
human race! lol and for lots of other reasons it's great. BUT really is
that in the spirit of what they are saying? No, we all know those times
when seeking attention is part of the crap that does perpetuate the
status quo of misogyny. Both are true. Also I think men likely pose the
same strategies of defensive logic when the blame is on their plate.
Which you posted an excellent article about before I think. Which
unfortunately helps prevents them from taking responsibility and really
getting it.
Stephanie Beaver — July 10, 2012
This post is a bit heterosexist in regards to points 1 and 2. As Ariel Levy argues in Female Chauvinist Pigs, many women seek approval from men by objectifying other women. While some queer women may seek male attention based on their appearance, in my experience many queer women seek male attention and approval by becoming "one of the bros," so to speak, rather than trying to get higher on the "pretty girl pecking order" because they know or think they know that their gender performance precludes men from finding them sexually attractive.
So maybe we need another point about not objectifying other women, sitting around with male friends calling other women "bitches" and "hos"?
blah — July 11, 2012
I really have to disagree with most of this list...It makes men sound stupid, and that they cant think for themselves. And that media has groomed them so much, that they cant even think for themselves. And I have had several experiences where I have my appearance validated by men, who liked the way I look. And I can assure you, I do not fit the conventional model of western beauty.
Rob — July 11, 2012
Not sociology.
Gene — July 11, 2012
So the solution to the problem of men objectifying women... is for women to change. Why do I feel like I've heard this before?
aris — July 11, 2012
The Objectification game sucks for many women. Women can choose not to participate. This article was a guide for bowing out of the game. It wasn't a "blame the woman" finger pointing, it's an open door to wherever else you want to be.
Snuhfoo — July 11, 2012
I'm honestly torn about this article. I don't agree with the commenters that this article need to include what men need to do. Yes it would be nice to have another section in this article series addressing men, but this particular section specifically addresses women. I appreciate this as it's not helpful when articles basically say gee sexism exists, but there's nothing you can do about it since you are a woman and it's solely in men's hand to fix this problem.
This article is somewhat helpful as it reminds us to fight these habits that are ingrained. However, it is very simplistic, (somewhat understandable since this would have to be a book to cover all the aspects that commenters have brought up) and not very helpful for women past our teens (and perhaps early 20s) since most of us have already figures out the basics. Personally I'd like to see something along the lines of how to help your daughter (from toddler to teenager) navigate through a sexist world.
Aerochick42 — July 11, 2012
so i'm inviting my own oppression because i like being desired? i should go through life trying to meet guys who don't think i'm sexy because they're objectifying me? that's a narrower line to walk than the slutty/but not too slutty line.
Gilbert Pinfold — July 12, 2012
This post could have been written twenty years ago. The expression 'fighting the last war' comes to mind. The real story is how men in the Western world have turned into sexy little 'pleasure objects' themselves in the last decade or so.
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sredni vashtar — July 12, 2012
What a depressing article. 'Stop competing with other women', the author orders us. It seems women can't avoid this widely-peddled lie (c.f. Samantha Brick) that we are jealous harpies even here, at SocImages of all places! That latter piece of helpful 'advice' for us gals to stop being such bitches would be less out of place in Cosmo or the 'Femail' section of the Daily Mail website. This article is in fact single-handedly the most 'damaging piece of media' I've read all week.
Another, more minor quibble: Item 1 insists women (presumably the author means heterosexual women) 'stop seeking male attention'. It's natural, healthy and fun for people of all genders to seek attention from the people they're sexually attracted to, and there's nothing necessarily disempowering about that. The author seems to imply that heterosexual women are to some degree responsible for objectification if they choose to seek attention from people they're sexually attracted to. No thanks, I'm not buying that.
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plewpkew — July 13, 2012
so I as an unattractive male should blame attractive females for not liking me?
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grainnemcmahon — July 14, 2012
I was very keen on this series of posts (and reblogging them to my tumblr) but I am very disappointed today to read this post. Take the sub-titles: "Stop seeking male attention," and "Stop competing with other women." These are incredibly anti-women sentiments and place women firmly at the centre of their own oppression, when we all know that said oppression is the fault of patriarchal culture and not the women within it. I'm very disappointed indeed.
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C. S. — August 5, 2012
Though I understand the criticism on the author's suggestions, particularly the first one, it seems to me that most people read that as saying "don't try to look attractive AT ALL" rather then "stop trying to look attractive in order to get validation from men".
It's not like she's not telling you to stop dressing the way you want to or something like that. The author's merely saying that your sense of worth should not come from an external font. She's not asking you to change anything about the way you act or dress, but rather the way you perceive (or not) the male gaze as something that will give you more or less value as a person.
Seeking male attention is not a problem, but it can become one if you feel that you have to look/act great all the time because a guy COULD be looking at you and COULD think you're unattractive (which, since we live in a patriarchal society that's unable to see women past their looks, is seen by many people as the ultimate defeat).
You won't stop someone else from objectifying you by placing your sense of value on their hands, because by acting like that you're declining the role of the subject and passively waiting for someone to tell you either you're valuable or not (rather than taking that responsibility yourself).
av — August 8, 2012
While I do understand the objections to the article, I have to agree with the idea of urging women to stop competing with each other. That is how we hurt each other, and women who have this unconscious need should identify it and stop. I've had a lot of female friends rip me to shreds because of male attention I got that I didn't even want. It made me feel so isolated and unable to trust female friends.. if we're going to fight oppression, we ought to do it together!
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Iva — August 20, 2012
(deleted)
Julie — August 22, 2012
I want to point out that having good hygine and looking nice isn't something that women necessarily do for men. I take pride in my appearance, as I have self-respect. I look nice for ME. I don't dye my hair or put on makeup to "dupe" anybody, I do it for the same reason I might paint a wall in my home, because it creates an appearance that appeals to ME.
Nali — January 23, 2013
Fun-exercise: DON'T WEAR MAKE-UP. Do it long term, your skin will thank you. Like, it will feel better.
Also, nobody should fart in public, male or female. Or take up a bunch of space. That's just rude in general.
Otherwise, yes, stop caring about beauty magazines and such. Flip off the next guy that honks at you, whatever.
It's ok to feel nice when you lose weight because being fat isn't healthy, just know that life is to enjoy and grow and if you aren;t stick thin...it's OK.
Amcampbell88 — February 17, 2013
All of you need to realize... we LET men see us as objects. We put on makeup for what? ourselves? no, to attract a mate. To attract men. To compete with women. We choose clothing.... to compete... to attract. Yeah, it is our fault. We wear boob-boosting bras not because we need them. Seems to me our ancestors did not wear bras for thousands of years. The only time I wear a bra is for working out, when I don't want them flopping around uncomfortably. Men do not wear make-up. They (for the most part) do not wear genital enhancing outfits... They do not shave their pits, pubes, legs. Why should I have to do this for a man to like me. I shave my pits because they stink when I have hair there, but I haven't shaved my legs for 6 month now and I don't plan on it. Breats would not be viewed as sexual if we did not feel the need to hide our nipples. Why is a female nipple different from a male nipple? Because it has a bit of fat behind it? Because it nourishes all of humanity at some point? If we stopped wearing makeup, bras, tops when we don't have to, then we would be taken as we are like men are. A man can be perfectly attractive without those things. To be considered attractive because you have nice makeup, nice breasts, nice clothes, is empty, shallow, valueless. Your breasts will sag, you will need more makeup every year and please don't wear your miniskirt when you're fifty.
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Arakiba — April 14, 2013
Men will f*ck anything with a hole in it. Once women realize this, things will get better. For everyone.
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Shanta Dickerson — August 11, 2013
From a pretty goddamned "don't put your shit on me" leftist feminist, I think this article is excellent. It's a 101; it's a new script; it's excellent advice for a woman who knows in her heart she doesn't agree with the societal script, but maybe she needs a little help figuring out how to challenge it.
It is short-sighted & selfish to demand that everything about feminism starts at the exact place you are in your own evolution.
itsme — October 3, 2013
Read the book by Anne Wilson Schaef: "WOMEN'S REALITY - An Emerging Female System in a White Male Society"
Stephanie Reed — October 15, 2013
This article is teaching women how to lose. That's no good! If you want something, you may have to compete for it. This article tells women to give up. It encourages women to invalidate attractive women and give in to their imperfections! That's not a road that leads to success. Set goals, obtain them, be inspired by others success, work hard. That's how you get results. But if you sit around, complain and try to downgrade the success of others that you are envious of, while deluding yourself that your imperfections are ok, you will fail. There are tons of these articles saying this same useless message. Don't fall for it!
Linda — November 7, 2013
I know I shouldn't care about the male gaze but what if I want a boyfriend? Or a sex friend? Or the care of a man that I want? What do I do then?
discordia » SteelSeries — June 21, 2014
[…] from the presentation with Caroline Heldman below, but also the articles on Sociological Images. (Part 3 and Part […]