Last month the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) released a series of graphic anti-smoking ads intended to “raise awareness of the human suffering caused by smoking and to encourage smokers to quit.” The campaign, titled “Tips From Former Smokers,” depicts individuals who have experienced some of the potential effects of tobacco use, including stomas, stroke, lung removal, heart attack, limb amputations, and asthma. For example, this ad features several former smokers who offer “tips” on how to live with a throat stoma (hole), such as “Crouch, don’t bend over—you don’t want to lose the food in your stomach”:
This ad shows Terrie, a throat cancer survivor, completing the morning routine she performs in order to maintain her appearance after losing her hair and teeth and having a tracheotomy:
Finally, this ad depicts several people who suffered a vascular disease brought on by smoking who had to have limbs amputated:
In addition to the whether these ads will be effective in persuading smokers to quit, we might ask whether fear and stigma are appropriate health promotion strategies. Is it possible or ethical to scare people into changing their behaviors? What are the implications of using stigmatized people to serve as a warning label to others?
What’s most striking about these ads is how they use and portray the human body. Medical sociologist Deborah Lupton suggests that health promotion campaigns such as this one do not simply depict bodies but also produce them; that is, the ways we talk about and create images of certain bodies says something about who or what that body is and what it does. She argues that when the body is seen as uncontrolled, say, with holes or missing limbs, then the self is understood as undisciplined. For these former smokers, their undisciplined selves resulted in their uncontrolled bodies. Lupton suggests that by producing the body as a site of contamination or catastrophe the rest of us can be kept in line by fear.
In these ads, a group of disabled people and cancer survivors are used as a warning for current smokers to quit. The ads invite us to feel disgust at their bodies and fear at what could happen to our own. In particular, Terrie’s ad invokes gendered beauty norms and prompts viewers to imagine themselves without traditional markers of attractiveness such a full head of hair.
Paying attention to how health promotion images use the body is one way to think more critically about bodies, well-being, and how to effectively promote healthy behaviors.
—————
Christie Barcelos is a doctoral candidate in Public Health/Community Health Education at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Comments 20
Samantha C — April 18, 2012
This is a really interesting post. I wonder who wrote the scripts for these ads - the former smokers, or someone else. If I take it upon myself as someone with condition X to educate others and help them avoid my own perceived mistakes, do I still promote stigma of condition X? Certainly less so than if I've been recruited to say these lines and nothing more - and if I've agreed to do the commercial, can it be assumed that I agree with the message? Can it even be assumed I've seen the finished product with all its editing?
Very interesting
JAB — April 18, 2012
I find it unfortunate that, above all else, bodies with missing limbs or hair are being portrayed as grotesque, undesireable, and disgusting. How is this reinforcing public perception about "abnormal" bodies? What are we supposed to think about the girl who lost her arm in a car accident? Or the man who may have fought for this country and lost a leg in the process? It's sad that these commercials emphasize that such differences are inherently bad or gross and uses that idea to try and scare viewers.
buttercup — April 18, 2012
I think they're effective. Smoking behaviors are largely based on denial-once you start plowing through that denial, you may be able to quit. It's one of the things that finally made me give up cigarettes many years ago.
Robin L. — April 18, 2012
To play devil's advocate: What's wrong w/these former smokers presenting themselves in this way? I'm assuming no one forced them to do these PSAs; who are we to tell them how to feel about their own bodies? Why shouldn't they be allowed to warn us about the dangers of smoking? I don't think anyone would argue that smoking isn't dangerous/unhealthy/etc., so don't these people in the PSAs have a valid point?
Blix — April 18, 2012
I don't see any of these ads as being coarse or poking fun. It's reality and I assume that most people, as I was, were made uncomfortable at the thought of at least have a stoma. It is merely showing the effects of smoking, not of car accidents, war injuries, or things starting from birth. That has nothing to do with it.
Anonymous — April 18, 2012
It's also interesting that these ads seem to presume smoking is a behavioural choice that people can be convinced to give up, which is a very different framing than as a physiological addiction requiring treatment -- even though nicotine is one of the most addictive substances known.
anonymommy — April 18, 2012
I, for one, am extremely proud of the bravery it took to do these ads. I would like to tell each one of them thank you, from the bottom of my heart. Beautiful and poignant. I didn't see any deflection from the truth, any mockery, or any stigma. I saw education and poise, something that must have taken a lot of strength. I don't know that I would have been courageous enough to do a spot like this!
Anonymous — April 18, 2012
I'm glad you addressed this! I keep seeing these ads and thinking of a friend who breathes through a stoma for reasons unrelated to smoking. I support the anti-smoking message but I hate that the ads present disabled bodies as gross and scary. I also worry that certain disabilities will be connected to bad behavior (in this case, smoking) in the public imagination, so that people will be blamed for their disabilities. (This is already happening to fat people with disabilities.)
Evilbunnytoo — April 19, 2012
It is also interesting to contrast these ads, which focus on negative health effects and bodies to ads from the California Tobacco Control Program which often focus on denormalizing the activity of smoking (emphasizing smoking belongs outside, pointing out that smoking can be decoupled from drinking, or that smoking in one apartment affects a whole building) and targeting the industry as a vector of disease (pointing out that the behavior is manufactured and promoted by a corporate entity). These ads have been shown to be very effective (generally by reinforcing the ideas that not smoking indoors is normative and reminding people of corporate interests promoting the activity) when combined with other measures and a strong, local focused, tobacco control program.
BFR — April 19, 2012
While a lot of people feel that the disabilities smokers' experience are their due punishments, I think it's problematic for us to frame some disabilities as ugly and deserved but others less negatively. Continuing to use disabled people as "warning labels," like you say, reinforces the idea that disabilities are inherently bad, disgusting, etc., and disabled people are undesirable and broken.
I'm also wary of how readily we tell people what decisions to make with their own bodies. Asking people not to smoke in public, where second-hand smoke can hurt others? That's one thing. But shaming or scaring people into quitting "for their own good" -- framing smoking as a moral decision -- is a bit troubling to me. We do the same thing with fat people: we tell them they should slim down "for their own good," we imply that they're bad people (impulsive, selfish) for being fat, and so on. There's a similar theme of trying to control people's bodies and health decisions in the anti-choice movement.
Most people are willing to overlook the creepiness of telling others how to live when it comes to smoking, because we pretty much all agree that smoking is bad (and the science backs up that conclusion, unlike with fatness). But I think we need to recognize that shaming and scaring people into making personal health decisions is creepy, no matter what the context.
Giddybug — April 22, 2012
I'll have to think this one over. I suspect my reaction to these ads is connected somehow to my reaction to the anti-meth ads which focus on meth's impact on users' looks. A part of me always thinks, "As if that's the point!" I would really like to see a study of users' reactions to ads of this type, and their efficacy versus, say, the type of ad described by Evilbunnytoo.
Quick Hit: Living as a female smoker in Korea | The Grand Narrative — January 24, 2013
[...] Producing Bodies in Anti-Smoking Campaigns (Sociological [...]
No Tobacco Day 2013 | Semoga menjadi berkah — August 9, 2014
[…] Click here to see other graphic anti-smoking ads.Have a look at the advertisements below; which one do you like best as an anti-smoking ad? Explain the reasons for your choice: […]
No Tobacco Day: Anti-Smoking Campaigns | Semoga menjadi berkah — August 9, 2014
[…] campaigns are really hard, especially those which show how smoking can damage your body. Click here to know what I mean. As you can well imagine, tobacco companies are not happy with […]