April 15th was World Art Day. A museum in Stockholm, the Moderna Museet, celebrated with what appears to be a chocolate and red velvet cake in the likeness of a caricature of member of a generic African tribe. The cake was designed by an artist, Makode Aj Linde, who wanted to draw attention to the practice of female genital cutting, which occurs in parts of Africa (and elsewhere). Accordingly, the cake was in the shape of a woman’s shoulders, breasts, belly, and genitals; it was covered in black fondant. The head was the artist himself, painted black with cartoon-ish eyes and mouth reminiscent of American minstrelsy. Neck coils tied it all together.
The Swedish minister of culture, Adelsohn Liljeroth, was asked to cut the cake. Playing along with the “art,” she began at the clitoris. After slicing herself a piece, she fed it to the artist (it’s unclear if that was planned or improvised). Each reveler carved out more and more of the genitals, revealing brown and then red cake inside. With each cut, the artist let out a yell and cried. People attending the exhibit reportedly gawked and generally went along having a good time.
Kitimbwa Sabuni, a spokesperson for the National Afro-Swedish Association, called the cake a “racist caricature of a black woman” and criticized the event, writing:
The “participation [of the minister of culture], as she laughs, drinks, and eats cake, merely adds to the insult against people who suffer from racist taunts and against women affected by circumcision.”
The minister shrugged rhetorically, saying “Art needs to be provocative.” On his Facebook page, the artist was nonchalant, writing about the above photo: “This is After getting my vagaga mutilated by the minister of culture…”
I will go on the record saying that this is obviously racist, trivializes genital cutting, is wildly insensitive to women who have experienced cutting, and fails to accord any respect to members of communities that practice genital cutting. It’s a shameful mockery.
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UPDATE: It occurred to me that it’s possible that the artist intended to trap a mostly white audience into participating in this obviously racist game, all with the intention of revealing that they would. Sort of like Spike Lee’s Bamboozled, where the fictional African American tv writer, asked by his White boss to write something “Black,” wrote the most racist thing he could think of… only to discover that audiences loved it. So perhaps the artist meant to provoke the same sort of horror that Bamboozled provokes in its real audience. And that is provocative indeed. But I’m guessing that this message will be lost on the vast majority of people at the same time it provides a satisfying opportunity to object to something obviously racist (as I did); meanwhile, more subtle discrimination and institutionalized racism remains un-examined.
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One of my main areas of serious academic research involves trying to understand how Westerners think about female genital cutting, and what motivates them to understand it in the way they do. I must say, though, that I am at a loss to explain this. My research on American perceptions of the practice (not Swedish, notably) suggests that we take the practice extremely seriously, framing it as (one of) the worst human rights abuses imaginable. From this perspective, this approach to raising awareness — from the party-atmosphere symbolized by the cake to the almost comical and obviously fake protestations from the artist/actor — takes the issue far too frivolously for comfort.
Caricaturing Africans, however, and seeing them as lesser humans is also part of what drives American condemnation of genital cutting. U.S. discourses often frame Africans as either ignorant or cruel. We routinely dehumanize both women and men in these discourses. They are seen more as objects of intervention than human beings. Accordingly, it doesn’t surprise me too much that the (mostly White, Swedish) people viewing the performance felt enough distance from the practice of genital cutting to enjoy their cake. Nor does it surprise me to hear at least some of them dismiss the concerns of the spokesperson for the National Afro-Swedish Association.
The video, in all its glory:
Thanks to Sharla F., Samira A., and an anonymous reader for sending in the tip to this story!
Lisa Wade, PhD is an Associate Professor at Tulane University. She is the author of American Hookup, a book about college sexual culture; a textbook about gender; and a forthcoming introductory text: Terrible Magnificent Sociology. You can follow her on Twitter and Instagram.
Comments 66
Ella — April 18, 2012
This is horrifying, and definitely needs a trigger warning.
juliah — April 18, 2012
It's almost as if the artist didn't understand Atwood's "The Edible Woman" and decided that the only way he could improve upon it would be to add a heaping dose of racism.
Umlud — April 18, 2012
Decent write-up also here: http://www.racialicious.com/2012/04/18/voices-makode-aj-linde-and-that-cake/
Tom Megginson — April 18, 2012
The artist, Makode Linde, is also an "Afro-Swede" who specializes in these old-school racist caricatures as his medium:
http://osocio.org/message/racism_art_psa_or_all_three_the_disturbing_spectacle_of_makode_lindes_human/
It is an offensive piece, yes. But it is an artistic statement by a person of colour, in Europe, about colonialist attitudes towards African issues. Whatever you think of the execution of the concept, Mr. Linde achieved his artistic objectives.Please see the linked Osocio post and comments for some varied perspectives.
Kelsey — April 18, 2012
Looks like I'm not the first to offer a link to another blogger's opinion about this case. In my experience, "Africa Is A Country" consistently offers nuanced and informed commentary on issues surrounding the portrayal of Africa in the Western World, and this is no exception:
http://africasacountry.com/2012/04/18/swedish-cake/
Chip M. — April 18, 2012
I kind of get what the artist was going for here. If you look closely, the racist 'caricature' is painted over a normal woman's face like a clown's face. I'm guessing the distorted body is meant to show how power of genital mutilation and other forces beyond the woman's control distort the self. The small arms to show defenselessness.
So a good issue and the ideas sound good on paper. But when you get an overly serious, offensive to make a good point and add theater, cake, an all(?) white audience and, probably, wine, it's likely to devolve into farce.
Alex Odell — April 18, 2012
Any of its subtle messages will fly over people's heads because of the humorous/racist caricature. This is not a way to use theater or humor to bring attention to a serious problem. It's like a mix of rape jokes and those Spanish ads about genital cutting with blow-up dolls as Africans.
C.C.Sharumun — April 18, 2012
Even the racist caricature aside, I feel sick just looking at this. After the first sight I just keep scrolling passed them without looking to read the text.
I fail to see how experiencing the part of the AGGRESSOR, the person in POWER, by cutting into even a fake woman's body is supposed to raise any kind of positive awareness or teach us anything other than how damn distant we are as people, especially if we are able to do such a thing without feeling disturbed and even smile about it. Even if they thought this was a good idea, how could anyone think to approach this with anything but a solemn air?
The artist apparently did an explanation of his work, saying that people misinterpreted his intentions, but he did not once explain how this cake and what happened was intended to be critical of genital mutilation or oppression. He says that this is his intentions, but there is no explanation beyond that. http://www.womanist-musings.com/2012/04/artist-who-created-racist-sexist.html#more
I cannot speak as Black woman regarding whether or not this should be considered racist, but as lighter-skinned woman who is often able to benefit from White Privilege due to perceived Whiteness, I can say with extreme confidence that whatever was going through the minds of the white people in that room, it was not appropriate or helpful to justice. It terrifies me to look at their faces.
easytolo — April 18, 2012
this blog just gets dumber and dumber. a striking, critical, and humourous piece of performance art with all kinds of relevance to sociology goes viral and all the author can muster is an extended version of the same muddleheaded charges of 'racism' you'd find in the youtube comments. please turn this blog over to actual sociologists
@les_politiques — April 19, 2012
Thanks for this article.
Two days ago I tweeted at @les_politiques:twitter that what I term 'The New Humanitarians' see the people they intervene on their behalf as means and not ends in themselves.
Yesterday @tejucole:twitter wrote that he wasn't sure that our indignation to such a piece of art could be justified given that the artist is Black. I answered that art's function is to change perceptions and that this piece of art doesn't change perceptions, it confirms them. But he is too famous to answer other people's tweets.
WG — April 19, 2012
It elicits an emotional response, a critical element, in my opinion, of what "art" should do. Is this supposed to teach about FGM or is it simply artistic commentary?
Freja — April 19, 2012
While I don't condone or agree with the artist's work, I imagine the sense of discomfort and cognitive dissonance from the 'party atmosphere' combined with symbolically performing such a horrific act was entirely the point. It's not so much about trivialising the act as the discomfort and provocation of seeing the act reduced to caricature. Ultimately, however, it's about as 'clever' (and ill-advised) as using racism to protest racism, or fighting fire with fire.
TyphoidMary — April 19, 2012
Yeesh, could we get a trigger warning, and maybe even a fold? This cake is getting a lot of coverage and I still feel sick every time I even see a still.
Anonymous — April 19, 2012
Is there any info on how the afro- swedish association are looking at this after hearing the artist's take on it? Obviously this is a horriffic artwork, though he does say that it is a commentary of racism. As an outsider of both race issues and art it is very difficult to understand the situation, especially since the association's statement came before the explanation and they haven't been heard since. How do we merge these two perspectives?
Aro — April 19, 2012
Here is an interesting take on this piece (and the TV-show Girls), arguing that the work is in fact, a creative way of drawing attention to the white privileged blindness to race even in relatively egalitarian societies such as Sweden:
http://www.thestate.ae/tonight-art-is-served/
Alex — April 20, 2012
"Caricaturing Africans, however, and seeing them as lesser humans is also part of what drives American condemnation of genital cutting. U.S. discourses often frame Africans as either ignorant or cruel. We routinely dehumanize both women and men in these discourses."
This is exactly what made me uncomfortable. I'd argue that, even though it's a joke and a cake, the fact that the piece is such uncomfortable viewing means "trivialising" doesn't really fit the tone.
But it does trivialise female genital cutting through its racism. Putting this barbaric foreign practice next to a (deliberately) ridiculous caricature of Africans makes it very easy to see it as just something foreign barbarians do. To a certain extent it legitimises it, as something that's just normal and part of what happens in the Generic Republic of Africastan.
This is the Kony 2012 brand of "raising awareness". Othering, exoticising, making us very aware of the bad things bad men do Over There to people nothing like us. There might still be a heavy dose of irony in that. Genital cutting is almost up there with neck rings in the list of stereotypes associated with African women. But if he was sending that up as well it wasn't clear.
Thomas Gokey — April 20, 2012
Africans shocked by uncivilized antics of European savages:
http://www.hayibo.com/africans-shocked-by-uncivilized-antics-of-european-savages/
pduggie — April 20, 2012
It would have been awesome if Liljeroth had totally balked and said
"this farce is offensive and stupid and I will have no part in it and walked out"
pduggie — April 20, 2012
Eventually the art world with have to get some ethical standards and not involve people in performance art without their informed consent.
Daygardner23A@aol.com — April 20, 2012
Day Gardner, National Black
Pro-Life Union joins the National Afro-Swedish Association in calling for Swedish
Culture Minister’s Resignation for Racist Cake
When I first saw the cake, I thought…WHAT IN THE WORLD…?!
Then I remembered…the world.
This is the same world that at one time embraced slavery in every port and
where even today women are still bought and sold as sex slaves. We live in a world where unborn babies are mutilated,
slaughtered on a whim and used as human lab rats. We live in a world where baby body parts are
sold to the highest bidder. We live in a
world where women in some cultures are mutilated -- violated beyond belief on a
daily basis --this is our world.
With
all the ugliness and pain and suffering of women everywhere, some dim-witted artist
comes up with the ‘bright’ idea that it would be amusing to have a cake made
depicting a stereotypical racist representation of a black woman -- screaming
in agony while she is being mutilated with each stabbing slice. I was deeply repulsed--then moved to tears--and
then to anger as I watched the Swedish Culture Minister Lena Adelsohn Liljeroth
leading the gruesome event-- laughing with other tickled-pink faces – snapping
photos and gorging themselves with bloody red velvet cake.
There is no explanation that will make sense to me--and no public
apology that will remove the very, very bitter taste left behind.
Dr. Day Gardner is President and
Founder of the National Black Pro-Life Union headquartered in Washington, DC,
which serves as a clearing house to coordinate the flow of communications among
Black pro-life organizations, and individuals in order to better network and
combine resources. She made history
when, as Miss Delaware, she became the first
black woman to be named a semifinalist in the renowned Miss America
Pageant, breaking through numerous racial and stereotypical roadblocks.
wwnationalblackprolifeunion.com
Female Genital Mutilation as Interactive Art: “A Racist Spectacle” « Media Watch — April 20, 2012
[...] cake itself as it does in the way the onlookers are able to laugh at it, which as Lisa Wade says at Sociological Images, indicates their privileged distance from the suggestion of genital cutting and blackface. This may [...]
Sometimes Reader — April 22, 2012
I could have lived a thousand lifetimes without seeing this. It's not particularly informative about FGM. What does it say? That it happens?...This is the definition of bad art and yes there is such a thing as bad art.
amanda crow — April 23, 2012
The 'Bamboozled' effect seems to happen over and over again in real life... just look at the career of Dave Chappelle.
on female genital mutilation « WeWasteTime — April 25, 2012
[...] about female genital mutilation in Africa may have been confusing. More on the story, here and here. Share this:EmailPrintFacebookTwitterLike this:LikeBe the first to like this post. [...]
Guest — April 27, 2012
Update! Are you kidding?
Just seeing the image before reading a word of this post I immediately recognized the irony of this work (without having known of the artist or their other works) which I then learned to provisionally name the Bamboozled-effect. Having read hundreds of posts on this website myself, this is the first that smacked so immediately of misreading - perhaps you should let an art correspondent handle such posts - how could one not check the artist's oeuvre to get a sense of this piece? Modern artworks stand alone as much a piece of software or a vehicle - without the production history and peripheral infrastructure one can hardly evaluate. Simplifying much, art in all its mediums is like a 'non-verbal' language (of compositions, perceptions, ...) where the role of irony, simulated violence, represented atrocities, and their concurrency, with the gendering of circumcision, and normalization of complicity, demands more engaged discussion.
FYI 1 The cake's body shape appears to reference the canonical artifact, ancient feminine fertility symbol, and precursor to its European mythic namesake, i.e. the Venus of Willendorf.
FYI 2 There are many artists who re-purpose ethnic stereotypes as part of a critical strategy in their work - and several renown artists who have used blackface, the golliwogg, or other anti-African American racist iconography for various purposes - eg. Michael Ray Charles, Kara Walker, Kerry James Marshall, Ellen Gallagher, etc.
FP — May 4, 2012
I don't think that this is racist,just provocative.The idea is simple and brilliant.
-People don't care,they just want the cake,no matter who's suffering.
You should look at this with different eyes.
Dessa Brewington — May 13, 2012
My first impression of these images, just scrolling down the page was that the artist intended a commentary on consumerism. That all of these people are eating cake, and laughing about it, without considering (or perhaps considering and trying to ignore) the fact that so much of what we enjoy is made by the dark people caricatured here, who often suffer horribly to make it.
Before I read the article, I took the cake-person to be a black woman, but after I read the article and realized he was a man (and probably white), I questioned for a moment whether that should matter.
It didn't. I thought it was a brilliant piece.
White Teenager — May 16, 2012
I can't even watch all of that video. Barely twenty seconds in and it sickens me. It looks so horribly gruesome-- I can't imagine ANYone laughing and calmly eating cake like that.
Ms_elroy — July 6, 2012
well, the swedes are not known for their cultural sensitivity...
Artistlili19 — June 5, 2013
This video is sick. Its not funny at all and I can't even believe that those people in the museum found this performance entertaining. Not only is it extremely racist, it it also insensitive to women who have endured female circumcision or any other kind of violence. The crocodile tears this "performer" is shedding is just make a big joke about it.
Hammerstrike — December 26, 2013
Ugh, that is one ugly cake!
"Kitimbwa Sabuni, a spokesperson for the National Afro-Swedish Association, called the cake a “racist caricature of a black woman” and criticized the event,"
BAWWWW RACYSM
Collaborating with Anastasia: Female Genital Mutilation: ‘Black Face, Racial Caricature, and Cake | My Fine Art Practice (W101) — January 26, 2014
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