Cross-posted at Scientopia.
A couple of days ago I posted a video about stereotypes of Native Americans in video games, including the Hot Indian Princess. Though the video discussed video games specifically, these tropes are common in other area of pop culture as well. Dolores R. sent in a great example. Over at Beyond Buckskin, Jessica Metcalfe posted about the 2011 Caribana Parade in Toronto. This year the parade theme was Native America, including various sections such as Amazon Warriors, Lost City of the Aztecs, Brazilian Amerindians…and Tribal Princesses. Here’s a Tribal Princess costume provided by one band, Callaloo (it’s now sold out).
A commenter on Metcalfe’s post takes exception with criticisms of these costumes and the parade theme, saying,
[This is a] celebration of historic alliances between African Diaspora peoples and Native peoples. In New Orleans, the tradition was a specific response to racist laws that placed Native and other POC communities in a common frame of reference. This tradition is almost 200 years old among Caribbean/Diaspora people in North America…you are making a tremendous mistake by attacking a part of Afro-Caribbean culture as if this was the same as an expression of White/Euro privilege.
So the argument is that this can’t be problematic cultural appropriation or propagation of the sexualized Indian Princess trope because it is part of an event meant to celebrate and recognize the histories and cultures of groups that have themselves been the target of discrimination and political/cultural exclusion. Certainly there is an important cultural and historical context there that, the commenter argues, distinguishes these costumes from, say, the current fad of “tribal” clothing in fashion.
And yet, that argument seems to discursively claim a right to represent Native Americans in any way without being subject to criticisms of stereotyping or cultural appropriation. For instance, the Apache were not a Caribbean tribe (though the Lipan Apache moved far into southeastern Texas by the late 1700s, coming into regular contact with Texas Gulf tribes). Does this sexualized “Apache” costume, as imagined by non-Apaches and sold to the general public, differ greatly from other appropriations and representations of Native American culture and identity as fashion statement?
This feels a little like a different version of the “But we’re honoring you!” argument used in efforts to defend Native American sports mascots — that any concern the viewer has is only due to their lack of understanding of the reason for the depiction of Native Americans, not because that depiction might be, in fact, problematic.
Gwen Sharp is an associate professor of sociology at Nevada State College. You can follow her on Twitter at @gwensharpnv.
Comments 18
MPS — August 11, 2011
I don't think this has anything to do with Native Americans per se. It has to do with men's fantasies of exotic sexual partners of any type, and women wanting to show off their desirable sexual attributes (which I say because the costume obviously works from a marketing standpoint, seeing as it sold out).
So, it's more a problem of gender than race, I'd say.
Guttersnipe — August 11, 2011
Looks authentic to me, right down to the shoes!
Nickey Robo — August 11, 2011
I do think it's an interesting argument, pointing out the tradition of the Mardi Gras Indians of New Orleans (of which I have not read any critical theory about, but would like to.). If you're not familiar with the tradition, it's fascinating: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras_Indians
However, the Mardi Gras Indians seem a bit problematic in their own right, although I think there are so many issues entagled there that I am not going to try and critique it with my limited knowledge. Either way, this is clearly not the same thing! The Toronto parade is about creating "exotic," over sexualized costumes. The New Orleans traditions aren't sexual or buffoonish in nature, like this is.
Sam — August 11, 2011
Yeah, not cool. If people want to celebrate their own cultural links to the Americas, more power to them. But stealing bits and pieces from my unrelated nation is just as inappropriate as me putting on blackface would be.
guest — August 11, 2011
appropriation can be ok when you partner with, in this case, indigenous people - ask their advice, input, inclusion, etc, etc. but when you string together your stereotypical notion of what an indigenous person is or looks like, it's just plain ignorant and naive. It's great to have education around Indigenous people especially, but there needs to be protocol and accuracy in place.
Cocojams Jambalayah — August 11, 2011
Gwen, the comment that you quoted which was written by deadwards indicated that "[This is a] celebration of historic alliances between African Diaspora peoples and Native peoples"
In your comment that serves as a response, it appears to me that you completely disregarded the "historic alliance" portion of that comment and wrote that "So the argument is that this can’t be problematic cultural appropriation or propagation of the sexualized Indian Princess trope because it is part of an event meant to celebrate and recognize the histories and cultures of groups that have themselves been the target of discrimination and political/cultural exclusion."
-snip-
The point that deadwards was making was that there have long been traditional relationships between Native Americans and African Americans, including intermixing & intermarriage. That commenter refers to the Mardi Gras Indians of New Orleans. Here's an excerpt about the Mardi Gras Indians of New Orleans:
"A Short History Of Mardi Gras Indians" by Willie
W. Clark Jr. (11-16-1999)
http://www.mardigrasdigest.com/Sec_mgind/history.htm :
-snip-
Nickey Robo provided the link to the Wikipedia page. Here's a link to one of many YouTube videos of the Mardi Gras Indians:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=885H8Nm4zJ4
Mardi Gras Indians 2 21 09
-snip-
The connection between the New Orlean Mardi Gras Indians and the Afro-Caribbean junkanoo groups and other Afro-Caribbean festive groups should also be noted. However, I would like to emphasize that most of the Mardi Gras Indians who mas (wear intricately beaded and feathered outfits) and parade are male. Furthermore, females who mas & parade (such as the Mardi Gras Indian's "nation's" Queen) wear long beaded/feathered outfits and NOT bikini-like outfits.And while there are historical connections and some blood ties between many African Americans/Afro-Caribbeans & Native Americans, it's my strong position that the Caribana bands were very cultural incompetent to use the names of actual Native American/Indigenous populations (such as "Native
Apache" or Sacrificial "Mayan Virgins"). And they were wrong to use the general referent "Tribal Princess". That said, I don't think that the overall Caribana theme of "Native Americans" was wrong-in part because of the various ties between Black people and Native Americans that I mentioned.
I believe that the efficacy of the "celebrating Native Americans" theme can & should be separated from the efficacy of the "sexy Indian princess" theme (as the Mardi Gras Indians have done). And I definitely agree with those who have written that the "sexy Indian princess" is not only stereotypical but grossly inappropriate in light of the history and present conditions of First Nation females who have been raped. Yet, people have come to expect sexy, next to nothing outfits on females who are part of Carnival bands in Brazil, in Trinidad & Tobago, in Toronto, and in New York City (which has one of the largest West Indian festivals in the world), and elsewhere. And Indians are not the only people in the world who have traditionally wore feathers and beads during festive and/or religious occassions.
In ending this long comment, I want to share these links to another American parade tradition that is known for its' feathered bands-The Philadelphia [Pennsylvania] Mummers. The similarities between the feathered outfits of (the almost totally White) Philadelphia Mummers and the (Black/Black-Indian) Mardi Gras Indian groups is quite striking.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnbXJg-GNiE&feature=related
Greater Overbrook - 2010 Mummers Parade Wide Angle
Anonymous — August 11, 2011
I don't think the implication of the comment is that it CAN'T be problematic or appropriative. I think it's that to apply all instances of problematic or appropriative behavior to the same "privilege and power vs. lack of privilege and power" dichotomy is inappropriate. The depiction is still quite problematic, it just needs to have more thought put into it than "a group with clear power over another is appropriating their traditions for amusement."
Mars — August 12, 2011
Caribana is like halloween for caribbean women. Costume will project wantoness and sexual availability whatever the theme.
Cocojams Jambalayah — August 12, 2011
Caribana is Toronto, Canada's celebration of Caribbean cultures. It's a carnival. People have come to expect that female carnival paraders wear what their cultures consider to be bikini-like sexy outfits. For various reasons, females wearing feather headresses and skimpy outfits based on the various groups' interpretation of a particular cultural theme is a central feature of many African Diaspora carnivals (including the one in Toronto and the one in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). As I mentioned in my previous comment, wearing feathers is a traditional feature of some African cultures. And for females and males paraders in African Diaspora carnivals such as all the ones I've mentioned above -including the famous Rio carnival- wearing costumes & headresses with feathers can be considered a tribute to both the paraders' African/Indian ancestry and their culture's African/Indian ancestry.
That said, the tradition of females wearing skimpy body revealing costumes doesn't necessarily come from African or Native American traditional cultures. Instead, the carnival tradition of females wearing sexy outfits comes from the American/Western custom of the vaudeville (music hall) chorus line. Furthermore, the music & dancing that is associated with contemporary African Diaspora carnivals- soca much more than steel drums [pan] for Caribbean festivals, as well as Toronto's Caribbean festival & the New York City's Caribbean festival) and the samba for the Brazilian festival-definitely are associated with females publicly flaunting their sexiness.
Here's a video of scenes from 2007 Caribana: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1S7gVradVCo&feature=relatedCARIBANA - Caribana parade in beautiful Toronto Canada
Here's a photo collage of the Brazilian festival http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vzNtuAFXzg&feature=relatedWatch Brazil 2011 Carnival Preview: Brazil Carnival 2011 Rio
In some sense, the expectation that female paraders at African Diaspora carnivals will wear chorus girl type bikinis that many would consider to be sexy is similar to the expectation that female cheerleaders, figure skaters, and tennis players will wear the revealing outfits they do. Some feminists (female and male) can maintain that it is wrong for these females to wear outfits that flaunt their sexiness. However, in my opinion, that debate is separate from the subject of whether Afro-Caribbean people should dress up like Indians. I think that we can if we don't name a specific real life tribe or nation. In my opinion, wearing costumes that are named after specific real life Native American populations moves this custom of wearing feathers and skimpy clothing into cultural inappropriateness. So to be clear, I believe that Black people who may or may not have Indian ancestry can wrongly appropriate customs from Indian people, regardless of whether those Black people have any Indian ancestry or not.
I also believe that people of African descent can wrongly appropriate customs or group names from other people of African descent. For example, I think the Rock & Roll dance "The Watusi" is culturally inappropriate. I also had a LOT of issues with the black faced, coconut throwing African American Mardi Gras kwewe, the Zulu Social Aid & Pleasure Club. It seems from their photos this African American Mardi Gras kwewe is moving away from wearing blackface. I believe that they did so or are doing so because of public pressure from other African Americans. In my opinion rightfully so. http://www.kreweofzulu.com/gallery/
Cocojams Jambalayah — August 12, 2011
Related subjects:This post motivated me to do some online searching for information about the use & meanings of feather headresses and other feather decorations in the world throughout history.
Some here may find these two links from the same website to be interesting reading:
http://www.greecetravel.com/archaeology/mitsopoulou/feathers/index.htmCommon Origins of Man: A Universal
Practice
The Decoration of the Head With Feathers
by Theresa
Mitsopoulou
and
http://www.greecetravel.com/archaeology/mitsopoulou/feathers/page2.htm
American Indians, Their Headresses and Shields;
Feathers, Shields and Headresses from Other
Societies
louise — August 14, 2011
May i point out as a person from the caribbean many "black west indians" have heritage in the new world, caribs were very resistant to colonialisation and some remain to this day some islands, albeit very mixed race
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