Cross-posted at Jezebel.
Drawing on data from the Pew Research Center, I recently wrote a post showing that inter-racial and -ethnic marriages are on the rise. Not all groups, however, intermarry at the same rate. Asians are more likely than Hispanics, Blacks, and Whites to marry someone of a different race or ethnicity. Whites are the least likely to do so:
Gender matters too. Whereas White and Hispanic men and women tend to outmarry at about the same rate, the outmarriage rates for Blacks and Asians are dramatically different.
The gendered rates of outmarriage likely reflect the way in which we gender race and racialize gender. I’ve written about this in a previous post:
Consider: according to American cultural stereotypes, black people, both men and women, are more masculine than white people. Black men are seen as, somehow, more masculine than white men: they are, stereotypically, more aggressive, more violent, larger, more sexual, and more athletic. Black women, too, as seen as more masculine than white women: they are louder, bossier, more opinionated and, like men, more sexual and more athletic.
Likewise, Asian people are feminized. Both Asian men and women are seen as somehow smaller, more passive, the women sweeter, the men less virile.
These are cultural stereotypes derived from the particular history of the U.S. White elites masculinized Black women in order to justify their hard labor during slavery. The idea that Black men were hypermasculine emerged after emancipation; the idea that Black men were sexually-vicious brutes was used by some Whites to terrorize Black men into continued subservience.
Asians were feminized after the completion of the transcontinental railroad. The Chinese immigrants who had labored on the railroad, now out of work, found niches in feminized occupations in the mostly-lady-free American West. They became cooks, tailors, and launderers, and domestic servants. The gendered nature of their work contributed to their feminization.
So, race and gender intersect in history, and today, in ways that shape sexual desire and supposed romantic compatibility. If men are supposed to be sexy by virtue of their masculinity and women sexy by virtue of their femininity, then Black men and Asian women will be seen as more sexually attractive, and as more ideal marital partners, than Asian men and Black women.
Lisa Wade, PhD is an Associate Professor at Tulane University. She is the author of American Hookup, a book about college sexual culture; a textbook about gender; and a forthcoming introductory text: Terrible Magnificent Sociology. You can follow her on Twitter and Instagram.
Comments 53
Lindsay Lennox — May 12, 2011
Really interesting. I was aware of the gender/race stereotypes you mention, but not of their historical origins in the U.S. Thoughts on how this relates to Latinos and Latinas? My top-of-the-head perception is that Latinas are overtly transformed into hypersexualized perfect women, while Latino men seem to have a more complicated stereotype in which some measures of masculinity (sexual assertiveness, machismo) are very high, while others (earning power, positioning within the male hierarchy) are very low.
cee — May 12, 2011
It's really hard to make graphs like this meaningful when races are not evenly distributed.
For instance, if everyone drew their spouse out of a hat, completely at random, american whites would still have the lowest percentage of marriages to other races, simply because there are more of them to begin with.
Similarly, the out-marriage rates of asian men and black women might be artificially low due to lack of the other gender to go around.
I'm not sure how you control for something like that statistically, but I would hope the people at Pew do, and I wish they'd done it, at least as a supplementary graph.
Ceiling Cat — May 12, 2011
Have you considered that maybe the stereotype doesn't come from distant historic roots, but from objective physical appearance?
I mean, Asian men often have little facial and body hair, which is a feminine trait by western standard.
Black women, on the other hand, regardless of any other trait, are dark skinned - and dark colors are thought of as more manly. Even your own graph labels men in a darker color!
wriggles — May 12, 2011
according to American cultural stereotypes, black people, both men and women, are more masculine than white people.
I'm not sure that's quite it. I think white people have a purity factor, of spirit, temperament, character etc.,
Black people are assigned an aura of intrinsic degeneracy, almost bestiality.
These then translate into the assigned sex roles/characteristics, where women are supposed to represent the greater ethics of the tribe. Men of course are given more leeway and supposed to be at least a bit rascally.
tatiana — May 12, 2011
I think another thing to keep in mind, in terms of inter-marrying, is the cultural relationship to members of opposite races. I meet very few black women (particularly those that are dark skin) who want to date non-black men. Most black women I know who like to date outside the race are already mixed or have light skin. This might have something to do with the privilege light skinned black women have and how they are closer to the white ideal than a dark skinned black woman.
Also, think of the cultural attitudes of asian men. I was talking to a friend of mine, and she had pointed out to me that her asian friends that came from a household with a white father but asian mother, tended to be less strict in following asian cultural norms. However, households where both parents were asian or with an asian father, were much more strict. Though the sampling for this is really small, I'm lead to believe that perhaps asian men have more desire (or pressure) to marry another asian women and continue traditions.
It's also necessary to take into account that by and large, asian men are not perceived to be as attractive as their female counterparts. Light skinned asian women (ie: Japanese, Chinese, Korean) are hyper sexualized because they resemble white women in skin tone but the otherness of not "looking american". Plus, the assumed submissiveness of an asian women is highly attractive to some people.
So I think specific ethnic cultures play a huge role in what gender in which race is willing (or in some ways able) to marry outside of their specific race.
Shannon — May 12, 2011
What's odd about this analysis to me is it suggests the partner who marries the black man or Asian woman is the person doing the choosing-- unwittingly, I think, this analysis says very little about why these folks are themselves choosing to marry outside their race.
Liz — May 12, 2011
I should qualify this by saying that I live in the UK and this may not be true in the US, but one of my mother's friends is a black woman of around forty and she says it's really frowned upon for black women to date white men, whereas black men date white women all the time, so that double standard might be a factor. I use 'date' rather than 'marry' because from what I gather the emphasis on marriage is much less heavy here - a lot of my American friends/acquaintances got married in their twenties, and in American media (that I've seen) there seems to be a focus on marriage as the inevitable outcome of a successful relationship, whereas here plenty of people cohabit indefinitely, have children out of wedlock, get married after their children are born, wait until their late thirties or forties to marry, etc etc (but maybe I have the wrong end of the stick there).
Yrro — May 12, 2011
I actually thought that OKCupid's analysis was a bit better:
http://blog.okcupid.com/index.php/what-if-there-were-not-so-many-white-people/
http://blog.okcupid.com/index.php/your-race-affects-whether-people-write-you-back/
I do agree the "number of people of another race within X miles" is most important. Where I grew up, I never met an asian or african-american woman I found attractive or interesting... because I only met two or three total. Even when minorities live in segregated areas, they tend to be neighborhoods of a larger city... not the only civilization for miles.
disco2000 — May 12, 2011
I'm a white woman married to an Asian man. Although I still see a majority of Asian-white relationships as being white man-Asian woman, I've seen increasing rates of Asian men/ white women in my family and social group. It's far from a fair sample size.
I think that especially where I live, in Orange County where there is a gigantic Vietnamese population, this will become more common as the generations of Vietnamese born refugees from the 70s and 80s who grew up in America come of age. An Asian woman who retains an accent is seen as exotic, while an Asian man is seen as, for lack of a better term, a "FOB". As more and more Asian men identify as American and internalize American culture, I think more Asian men will marry outside of their race.
It's funny that I get looks of surprise with an Asian last name, while Asian women with white names are fairly "normal" and people will assume they obtained the name in marriage. I even get asked if I'm half Asian, even though I'm very, very white. People don't know how to process this information at first.
One other observation - among my Asian female friends, they consider me "Asian" as well (only partially as a joke). There's a tendency to think that the female "adopts" the culture of the male. Of course, coming from a small, broken family I quickly adopted the family values of my husband, so there it is more than a gendered characteristic for me. But my "Americanized" Asian female friends also have no desire to date Asian men. A majority of the Asian women inknow who married Asian men were women whose family came over much more recently, or they arrived at an older age.
It's food for thought - another observation is the quite obvious lack of Asian men in media, especially as a romantic interest. That certainly doesnt help any stereotypes.
. — May 12, 2011
Interesting, here in Brazil the stereotypes are similar, but the asians arrived here in a different way. They are, in general, japanese and came here in the XX century to work in the agriculture.
Nils — May 12, 2011
If Asian people are feminizied and Black people are masculinized, what I'd really like to see is the data on Black/Asian intermarriage.
Andrew Slater — May 12, 2011
OKCupid had an interesting look into this as well, breaking down the rate at which people reply to those who send them messages, based on race.
http://blog.okcupid.com/index.php/your-race-affects-whether-people-write-you-back/
Trends in mixed-race marriage « Neon Gumbo — May 12, 2011
[...] Marriage and the Intersection of Gender and Race by Lisa Wade, 11 hours ago at 10:53 am [...]
Anonymous — May 13, 2011
Regarding my comment posted of 7:52 am on May 13, 2011 in which I wrote that "I’m not sure how “the idea that Black men were sexually-vicious brutes was used by some Whites to terrorize Black men into continued subservience.”:
It occurs to me that Lisa may have meant that the idea that Black men were sexually-vicious brutes was used to justify terrorizing Black men into continued subservience.
If so, I agree that that "idea" was devised and used for that purpose. And though it didn't work, that idea unfortunately still colors how some people view Black males and other dark skinned males.
Links – May 13, 2011 | C6-H12-O6 — May 13, 2011
[...] man + white woman and Marriage and the intersection of gender and race. Razib and Sociological Images tackle the numbers behind actual rates of marriage outside of [...]
no_spam_please — May 13, 2011
[Moderator - My earlier comment was deleted. I'm not sure why because it was on topic and there was nothing offensive in it. Anyway, perhaps it was a mistake so here's my second attempt. These are not exactly the same words since I did not save it but it is the same content as far as possible.]
This comment is a response to Ceiling Cat who wrote in a comment above:
"Asian men often have little facial and body hair, which is a feminine trait by western standard."
I think this is an inaccurate generalization. Asia is the largest continent on the planet and includes a large variety of people. When you consider all the different populations in Asia (Iran, India, etc.) I'm don't believe it is true that most Asian men have little facial or body hair. So your comment, even as a generalization, makes no sense to me.
The huge range of difference in looks, language, and culture make me question the value of using a term like "Asian" in surveys on interracial marriage. I believe that, for example, a Japanese person marrying someone from India would probably be considered in interracial marriage in most contexts. And yet, in the USA, both people are in the category "Asian" and so it is considered marrying within their race. But that's a much longer discussion and may be too much of a tangent for this post.
decius — May 13, 2011
Overall, 14.7% of men who married married a partner of a different race.
14.4% of women who married married a partner of a different race. Therefore, at least .3% of people who married were men who married a man of a different race. (That's a worst-case scenario: it assumes that there were no interracial marriages of women)
Or maybe survey responses are unreliable indicators.
ds — May 14, 2011
It's not a one-sided thing. The smaller rate of marriage outside the race for black women apparently derives quite a bit from their own within-race preference. Which in turn may be a strategy to decrease the odds of an eventual divorce or cheating.
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2008/07/Why-does-race-matter-for-women/
Different numbers of the populations and other cultural differences than prejudice also affect the numbers. Men are usually more active in seeking women than the other way around; differences in things like shyness and traditionalism also affect the rates of who's seeking whom.
Class also possibly plays a role. In Brazil, black/mixed women are more likely to marry white or "whiter" men (the degree of miscegenation is a bit more ample and the "one-drop-rule" does not apply, it's almost reversed actually, even though some ideologues push to mimic USA's standards of racial identity) if they (the women) have more education than the partner. This has many, non mutually exclusive facets; it could be to some degree that white(r) partners see higher education as a compensation, but could also be in part that education affects earnings, which in turn affects social circles and the odds of just meeting white(r) partners.
I'm not trying to explain away racism or anything, I don't deny that it have a role, I'm just saying it's more complex than that, we can't look at the numbers and just assume our pet explanation as true or as the main cause.
ds — May 14, 2011
OkCupid also has gahtered quite a bit of data and it was used in an interesting blog post:
http://blog.okcupid.com/index.php/what-if-there-were-not-so-many-white-people/
ds — May 14, 2011
There's also a natural tendency to prefer phisiognomies that are similar to that of the parent of the opposite sex:
=========
Investigating an imprinting-like phenomenon in humans Partners and opposite-sex parents have similar hair and eye colour
A.C. Little*, I.S. Penton-Voak, D.M. Burt, D.I. Perrett
School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9JU, UK
Receipt of original submission 28 March 2002; Receipt of final revision 8 August 2002
Abstract
Research has shown that human partners are more similar than expected by chance on a variety of traits. Studies examining hair and eye colour show some evidence of positive assortment. Positive assortment may reflect attraction to self-similar characteristics but is also consistent with attraction to parental traits. Here, we examine self-reported partner hair and eye colour and the influence that own and parental colour characteristics have on these variables. Parental characteristics were found to correlate positively with actual partner characteristics for both men and women.
Regression analysis predicting partner characteristics from maternal and paternal traits (which controls for own traits) revealed the greater importance of the opposite-sex parent over the same-sex parent in predicting both hair and eye colour of actual partners. The findings may reflect an influence of parental colour characteristics on human partner choice. Attraction to opposite-sex parental characteristics is seen in a
wide variety of animals where it is usually attributed to imprinting processes in infancy. Although the mechanism is unclear and not necessarily confined to infancy, the data reported here are consistent with a somewhat analogous process to imprinting occurring in humans.
alittlelab.stir.ac.uk/pubs/Little_03_imprint_haireye_EHB.pdf
=========
There was another study (perhaps cited in this one) where they've reported that children of interracial couples tended to act accordingly, the sons were more likely to marry women of the mother's race, and daughters were more likely to marry a men of the father's race.
Adding that to the effect that men are more active seekers of partners, I guess it could create a bit of snowball effect sometimes, arising from initial smaller differences in rates that originated for whatever reason. That is, if for whatever reason black men were more likely to have children with white women than black women with white men, these children would tend to perpetuate the trend.
Say it. I Dare You (jr) - Page 722 - CurlTalk — May 16, 2011
[...] [...]
Black Women are "scientifically" proven less attractive than other women - Page 12 - CurlTalk — May 24, 2011
[...] [...]