Why did Bloomsbury Press choose this cover for a YA novel about a short-haired black girl? Maybe because, according to publishers, “black covers don’t sell.”
Justine Larbalestier, author of Liar, says she wanted an American cover similar to the Australian cover, which depicted the word “liar” in red letters. But Bloomsbury “has had a lot of success with photos of girls on their covers and that’s what they wanted.” So why a white girl? Larbalestier says not all the girls Bloomsbury proposed were white, but the one they went with may have to do with some upsetting prejudices in the publishing and bookselling industries. She writes:
Since I’ve told publishing friends how upset I am with my Liar cover, I have been hearing anecdotes from every single house about how hard it is to push through covers with people of colour on them. Editors have told me that their sales departments say black covers don’t sell. Sales reps have told me that many of their accounts won’t take books with black covers. Booksellers have told me that they can’t give away YAs with black covers. Authors have told me that their books with black covers are frequently not shelved in the same part of the library as other YA-they’re exiled to the Urban Fiction section-and many bookshops simply don’t stock them at all.
So basically bookstores are acting like restaurants in the Jim Crow South, segregating “black covers” in a special section, or refusing to allow them at all. This may be causing presses like Bloomsbury to whitewash their covers, resulting in confusion and anger, at least among Larbalestier’s readers. One blogger asks,
Did the publishers not want to put a black girl on the cover for fear of not selling enough books to their white customers? Or is the cover supposed to be what Micah [the main character] really looks like, and her description in the book is just another of her lies?
Larbalestier says she never intended for Micah’s race to be in doubt. Nor, obviously, did she want parents not to buy the book because “my teens would find the cover offensive.” But the whitewashing of covers has implications beyond Larbalestier’s readership. She asks, “How welcome is a black teen going to feel in the YA section when all the covers are white?” And she points out that the idea that “black covers don’t sell” is a self-fulfilling prophecy:
I have found few examples of books with a person of colour on the cover that have had the full weight of a publishing house behind them. Until that happens more often we can’t know if it’s true that white people won’t buy books about people of colour. All we can say is that poorly publicised books with “black covers” don’t sell. The same is usually true of poorly publicised books with “white covers.”
Larbalestier says that publishers have historically underestimated the size of the African-American leadership, and that the music industry has no problem selling album with black artists on the cover. The supposed inviability of the “black cover” may have more to do with racist assumptions — that white people won’t be interested in a book with a black protagonist, or that black people won’t buy books — than they do with actual commercial realities. According to Larbalestier, these commercial realities haven’t even really been tested yet. But they could be — if Bloomsbury does what Larbalestier now wants, and puts a short-haired black girl on the cover of Liar.
Ain’t That A Shame [Justine Larbalestier]
YA Critics Feel Cheated By Liar Cover Girl [GalleyCat]
Liar, Liar, Pants on Fire [The LibrariYAn]
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Anna North recently received an MFA in Fiction from the Iowa Writers Workshop, and is working on a novel. She writes about books for Jezebel, among other topics.
If you would like to write a post for Sociological Images, please see our Guidelines for Guest Bloggers.
Comments 17
Imogen — July 28, 2009
I work in a used bookstore in Berkeley, California, and we can't keep Octavia Butler's books in stock: we'll buy a used copy of any of her books, and it will sell the day it goes on the shelf. Here are some Octavia Butler covers:
http://www.africanafrican.com/negroartist/Octavia%20Butler%20Literature/Kindred.jpg
http://talkingbooks.nypl.org/uploadedImages/Books/Parable%20Of%20The%20Talents.jpg
http://africandiasporastudent.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/51mk43jz71l.jpg
DragonL0rd132 — July 28, 2009
I have a similar story about selling books.
The author Neil Gaiman wanted to publish his latest book in softback. the publisher said "Why? the hardbacks are selling so well."
I don't think their racist so much as greedy and cowardly.
Ever notice how most problems are cause by greed?
dreikin — July 28, 2009
Beyond that, they didn't need a person on the cover at all - many books sell quite well without a single humanoid on the cover at all.
Tintin LaChance — July 28, 2009
"I don’t think their racist so much as greedy and cowardly."
Sure, they're probably greedy. But saying "well, there's a white girl on the cover so they'll make more money" brings us...well, right back to the same point that the post is making, doesn't it? Because that implies that a person of colour on the cover wouldn't make as much money, thus the reason for a white person.
I guess what I'm trying to ask is what your point is, DragonL0rd132. Yeah, they're probably doing it for the money. But what does it say about their perceptions of where the money comes from that they're doing it this way?
NancyP — July 28, 2009
Are the publishers hoping for solid mid-range, or for blockbuster?
It would seem that the fiscally shrewd thing to do would be to put a black heroine on the cover, thereby differentiating it from others on the YA shelves. My impression is that there are a lot of competitors for the YA girl market currently or recently dominated by the Twilight series, and that there are no highly popular YA books with black heroines. (OCICBW, I haven't stepped in the YA area of a Borders for a while.) A cover that shows a black girl is likely to sell heavily to the black YA girls, probably more than offsetting any loss of sales to the white YA girls, who may not have had much interest in it with a "white" cover.
My cynical thought would be to issue it with both covers and enable the booksellers to choose the desired cover ratio for their local demographic.
Sadly, the parent or YA readership in general may not be all that adventuresome. There are a lot of "me-too" books in the category. Are sales made to YA readers or to their parents?
Annoyed — July 28, 2009
I am waiting for a post from Duran that tells us we're all idiots because they are just selling what the public is asking for. You know supply=demand bullshit. But this is a great example of how what we want is chosen for us.
Maggie — July 29, 2009
I read fantasy novels a lot when I was younger, and covers were notoriously wrong when depicting basic physical phenotypes of characters. The book would comment on and on about how the heroine had curly black hair and was plain-looking, and on the cover would be a blonde goddess. It annoyed me, and still does, but I understand that fantasy as a genre tends to have low-selling books in its line that have some generic Lord-of-the-Rings-eque fantasy picture slapped on the cover last-minute as code to fantasy junkies that "Hey! This is fantasy! Who cares what it is--just read it!"
But this "Liar" debacle disgusts me. We have here YA, which is one of the classiest genres of fiction in my experience (there are a lot of unwritten rules in the genre about having decent, empowering messages, and it doesn't resort to cheap sex/violence tricks to grab an audience NEARLY as much as most genres for older readers*), and we have a million studies in a million journals and just as many commentators in popular media telling us that teenage girls are impressionable and need to be taught to believe in themselves because their actions are more important than what they look like even if they think otherwise.
And yet here we have a YA cover that says "except if you're black, sweetheart; we'll just pretend you're white because it's easier and it sells better and we don't actually care about what you struggle with because it makes white people feel icky."
This has really, really pissed me off. Like black female teenagers of this country don't get slighted enough already.
*Twilight excluded, and I hope its crappiness doesn't warp the genre too much.
Amanda — July 29, 2009
I just recently picked up Dead Until Dark after watching TrueBlood on HBO. The cover features the lower half of a white vampire woman's face. None of the main characters in the book fit this description. In fact there's ONLY ONE white female vampire even given a name in the book. Ridiculous.
Tintin LaChance — July 29, 2009
@Amanda is that a tv tie-in cover as opposed to the original one? Because as far as I remember of the books, the original cover wasn't terribly inaccurate--blonde woman and dark haired vampire gent.
Rosepixie — July 29, 2009
I think that it's absolutely a self-fulfilling prophecy that "black covers don't sell". I used to run the Children's and YA section of a large bookstore and we were constantly searching for more books about characters of various non-white races (depending on the request) and coming up short. The list we could compile of what we carried was always pathetic and generally a customer requesting such a thing had read most of the books. Either that, or they wanted something other than historical fiction, which is largely what large bookselling chains are willing to carry with non-white protagonists (because you can sell "Bud, Not Buddy" when they need something for a historical fiction unit, or a book on slavery or Japanese internment camps, but they don't think anyone wants books about black or Asian or Native American or Latino kids living now). It frustrated lots of our customers and all of us working in the store.
At the same time, the occasional title with a non-white character that we got enough copies of to really display and push usually sold very well, even with non-white characters on the cover. That was rare, though.
So, yeah, totally a self-fulfilling prophesy. Books that you promote the hell out of sell well (big surprise). Books that you've already decided are going to fail and, consequently, allow to get lost in the shelves and never given any press so people actually hear about them don't. Gee... I'm shocked.
Tab Dump « 24 Percent — July 29, 2009
[...] Tab Dump Jump to Comments - Just started Fredric Jameson’s Postmodernism Or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism and then thought it was lost but it turns out a friend has it. In celebration, here’s Jameson in the New Left Review with his piece “Marx and Montage.” - Race, Hair, Youtube? - A great consequence of what I really want to start referring to as “Gatesgate” is that writers who have always harbored anti-cop sentiment get to write about it. Christopher Hitchens does not like police officers. - Also, Ishmael Reed doesn’t like Gates much more than he likes cops. - And wonder what that beer coversation is going to sound like? - Do black covers do worse than white covers? [...]
Jesssica Lee — July 30, 2009
... Maybe I'm a victim of the system, but as a YA enthusiast I would not be attracted to a book with a black photo. I'm bi-racial, black and white myself but I tend to stay away from what I would call Black Lit. Too often I've found that stories with black characters are a bit formulaic for me. They rely too much on dialects and inner-city issues or are historical fiction.
That being said, I also avoid books with white faces because they're usually pulpy, teen versions of chick lit in which the protagonists attend posh boarding schools or find themselves backpacking through Europe.
And looking over my collection, my favorites of the genre have all had graphic illustrative covers. Books from Laurie Halse Anderson, David Levithan, John Green, Janet Tashidan. Over the years, these books have continued to catch my eye and capture my heart- and have helped shape my bias against portrait covers.
Erda — July 31, 2009
I remember when I was shopping in 11th grade for the books I would need for my IB English class. I found Mishima, Marquez, Mahfouz, Camus, and John Gardner in the "Literature" section...but for Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon I was told to look in the "African-American Literature" section. And for Elie Wiesel, I had to go to the "Jewish Studies" section. Which I found rather odd, since both of these are well-known, award-winning books that appeal to many people outside of the authors' respective ethnic groups, evidenced at the very least by the fact that they were being assigned to an English class full of Asian and (mostly non-Jewish) white kids.
It's really sad that even after Nobel Prizes and Pulitzers and multiple bestseller titles, authors who are minorities are still seen as "ethnic" above all else.
Bodies, Book Covers, and Novels about Large Women » Sociological Images — March 5, 2010
[...] how to make an Asian book cover, evolution of the Dungeons and Dragons playbook, and do bookstores segregate books with African Americans on the cover? var addthis_language = 'en'; 5 Comments Tags: bodies, fat, gender, gender: bodies [...]
Meghan — March 7, 2010
I have worked in bookstores for 6 years. You can not win. If you have an African-american section for fiction (not culture, as those are in separate sections in sociology), people are offended, myself included, because I don't really think it's useful to do so. But if you don't have an African-American section (which let's face it, is usually only "Urban Fiction" aka gangs and seedy crap; Dumas remains in regular literature, as do other serious works of literature) then I have upset black customers, who say, "You don't have an African-American section?" implying that the bookstore doesn't care to cater to them. I have straight up asked a couple African-American customers if they were offended that those books were separate, or if they preferred it that way, as it really rubbed me the wrong way that they were separate. The responses I got were overwhelmingly in favor of it. So unless everyone looks beyond an author's skin color in what they choose to read, there will be some amount of controversy. It all comes down to many people wanting to read something they relate to, and not wanting to have to look for it too hard. It's the same reason romance is separated out. People are looking for a genre. I do think the portrayal is key in covers though. Octavia Butler for instance is a serious author with serious covers, Zane or Noire? Not so much. I think it is less about the ethnicity of the person on the cover, and more about what the cover suggests about their culture.
Sabra Farquharson — June 26, 2010
As an AA young woman, I find this very interesting but not surprising. Referencing the last paragraph of this article-album covers selling with African-Americans on the covers but no African-American book covers sell, could it be that books imply some sort of intelligence that music/cd covers do not? If an African-American was put on the cover, does this, for the publishing company, mean that the author of the book has an intelligence that many people do not and the company does not want to portray African-Americans in the intellectual light?
I ask this because in my personal opinion it takes a different intellectual ability to write-whether black, white, indian, asian, etc.
Links of Great Interest: Don’t Taze My Granny! | The Hathor Legacy — July 2, 2010
[...] on why it’s both sucky AND racist. Here’s why we can’t stop the signal. More on racebending in [...]