Josh M., Christine F., and Eric Q. brought my attention to the Medal of Honor series of video games. As far as I know, this is every version of the game currently on the market (that’s twelve total; all images found at this Medal of Honor website). In the game, you are a U.S. soldier fighting in World War II. Notice anything? In every version of the game, thus far, a white man is featured on the cover. I suppose it’s possible that some of the people in the far background in a couple of the games might be non-White, but I don’t think so. The image here is that World War II was an all-White war (or that gamers will only identify with a White soldier).
It is true that during most of WWII, Black soldiers were segregated in their own units. Initially they were not allowed to fight on the front lines, but that policy changed. According to this National Geographic article, Eisenhower desegregated the army for a while toward the end of the war out of desperation for more soldiers on the front lines. Tuskegee Airmen pilots also flew with White pilots on missions. Voice of America says that over a million Black soldiers served in WWII (about half a million were in Europe).
There were also 22 Asian American soldiers fighting for the U.S., according to this New York Times article. Medals of Honor were belatedly awarded to several in 2000 (though at least some had received Medals at the time of the war, unlike African American soldiers). And the Department of Veteran’s Affairs estimates that up to half a million Hispanic soldiers served (the exact number is unknown because the government did not keep track of “Hispanic” ethnicity in the Armed Forces at that time). Finally, 44,000 American Indian soldiers joined the war effort (and according to the Department of Defense, that was out of a population of only 350,000 at the time).
Ok, so it’s a video game. Fine, whatever. It’s probably not a place to look for accurate depictions of anything. And of course there were more White soldiers in the war (though minorities were over-represented compared to their percentage of the overall U.S. population). But not even one non-White soldier on any of the covers? Really?
On the other hand, no African American soldiers were given the Medal of Honor for service during WWII due to racial discrimination. In 1993 the Army commissioned a study on racial disparities in rates of medal awards and concluded that 7 Black soldiers would be given the Medal of Honor, which they received in 1996. So I guess maybe it’s fitting that they’re missing from the Medal of Honor games.
Thanks to Josh, Christine, and Eric!
Gwen Sharp is an associate professor of sociology at Nevada State College. You can follow her on Twitter at @gwensharpnv.
Comments 11
James — December 11, 2008
Interesting article but you have it wrong about the number of Asian Americans fighting for the U.S. The 442nd Infantry Regiment was formed from 3,800 Nisei(second-gen Japanese) mostly from Hawaii and California. The service of these brave Americans is well documented and they became the most decorated regiment in U.S army history, suffering far higher casualties then other white battalions. There was also the 100th Infantry battalion, comprised of 1,800 Nisei who also suffered far higher casualties than other battalions. As for the belated Medal of Honors, they were upgraded in 2000 from Distinguished Service Medals that were, upon further review, found to be awarded instead of Medal of Honors simply because the unit was Japanese. source(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/442nd_Regimental_Combat_Team) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_service_in_World_War_II)
Elena — December 12, 2008
On this subject, I'd like to add the recent news that the live action film adaptation of thecartoon series Avatar The Last Airbender (which takes place in a somewhat Asian universe, with the different cultures ranging from Tibetan-ish to Chinese-ish to Inuit-ish) is going to have an all-white main cast.
The fandom is collectively facepalming right now.
NL — December 12, 2008
This seems to me that the covers also reflect the stereotype of who is buying video games -- white men. Why put a minority or woman on the cover (hey, a game about WAVES or WACS would be cool!) when only white males will buy it?
Tim — December 12, 2008
"But not even one non-White soldier on any of the covers? Really?" How man non-Whites were in Saving Private Ryan or Band of Brothers? How many of the main characters?
The image of World War 2 is burned into memory a certain way. Very few films even cover lesser known things (Hart's War, Windtalkers). People can be given medals 60 years later, but one can't go back in time to make a WW2 game with a Black person on the cover seem strange and inauthentic.
You'll also find an American bias in WW2 games. Rarely is one able to play as anything else except German as the enemy or sometimes Russia. Poland and Finland have been featured in one game that I know of, the novelty was refreshing.
People were upset with Chinese actresses playing Japanese women in Memoirs of a Geisha and even the casting of Jessica Alba as Invisible Woman (I'm guessing they didn't expect her to have blond hair and blue eyes). Personally, I prefer the Black versions of Green Lantern and Lex Luthor. I was disappointed with Spacey as Lex Luthor. There's no reason Batman or Superman can't be Black, but that's how most people think of them. That's how they were portrayed, that's how they are portrayed, that's how they will be portrayed.
Dubi — December 12, 2008
You know who else is never black? James Bond. Racists.
(aren't all these people, like, the same character in different sequels?)
Elena — December 12, 2008
If I understood it correctly, the Daniel Craig movies are a continuity reboot, like the Christian Bale Batman films. At least Felix Leiter is black and has a nice recurring role. Still...
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Cola — July 20, 2009
I know this was posted forever ago, but the second game, Medal of Honor: Underground, featured a woman main character working with the French resistance in Nazi occupied France named Mannon. I don't know if she appeared on the cover. As far as I know, the player never sees the player character's face in these games. I only played the first three, personally. Medal of Honor, Underground, and Allied Assault.
The first two games were produced by Steven Spielberg, likely inspired by his work with Saving Private Ryan. They featured in depth extra materials that included interviews and file footage of soldiers and about the war. In the second game, for example, one could unlock interviews with women that served not as nurses, not as factory workers, but as snipers, and loading mortars. Women who saw active combat.
That doesn't excuse the lack of racial diversity in the games. I personally thought the series became a stupid joke when they moved to the Pacific theatre (I played through the opening sequence in which one escapes a sinking aircraft carrier in Pearl Harbor). For some reason, that nazis had been total caricatures in previous games never bothered me, but the moment I was hearing harsh Japanese and little ugly enemies, I stopped wanting anything to do with these games.
Drew — July 24, 2009
No Dubi, each game features a different character, not the same one across sequels.
Mechanismform — December 4, 2009
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[...] a white male American. On a similar note, I found an article based on that same premise entitled, “Medal of Honor: The All White War.” The article speaks of how every Medal of Honor game cover features a white American soldier (this [...]