Cross-posted at The Social Complex.
Take a look at these two images. The people in Image A and Image B are identical, save for their relative heights and the way that their heads are tilted in order to maintain eye contact. Now how do you think each of these images would be independently perceived by the average person? How do you perceive the events depicted in these images?
(see full sized image here)
Do one of these men seem “assertive” while the other seems “submissive” or “pushy”? What would you imagine the woman is thinking in each of these images? How would you rate the social esteem of each of these men? Which one seems to have the most business acumen? The most leadership potential? Which man would you rate as more attractive? What do you think these two people are talking about in each image? Does your perception of what is happening in the conversation change from image to image?
If you are being honest with yourself here, you probably are imagining many differences in the social interactions depicted in these two images that don’t actually exist outside of our cultural framework. From the age that we become aware of our environment we are bombarded with cultural images, traditions, behaviors, and ideals (both expressly and implicitly conveyed) which foster heightist concepts within our psyche.
These heightist concepts come into play along with our perceptions of gender. Masculinity is culturally tied to “Tall” and femininity is culturally tied to “Short.” Therefore, the negative cultural perceptions that apply to “feminine males” also apply to “short males” and the positive cultural perceptions that apply to “masculine males” also apply to “tall males.” That is why we perceive Image A and Image B differently, even though there is no story behind the images beyond what we imagine.
Perhaps (to some extent) the negative cultural perceptions that apply to “masculine women” also apply to “tall females” and the positive cultural perceptions that apply to “feminine females” also apply to “short females”? I do not know. However, I have my doubts that it works this way for females.
This is because (in my humble opinion – with no evidence to back this up):
- Being a masculine woman is probably NOT considered as negative in our society as being a feminine man. In other words, our society values masculinity more than femininity and so it is more important for a male to be masculine, but much less important for a female to be feminine.
- Additional height (or “tallness”) is considered a masculine trait and so more important for a male to have than it would be detrimental for a female.
- Tallness (for some reason) is not considered masculine on a female. Body mass (weight) is considered more of a “masculine” trait on a female than pure height.
Any comments? Discussion?
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Geoffrey Arnold is an associate with a mid-sized corporate law firm’s Business Litigation Practice Group. When Geoffrey isn’t chasing Billable Hours in the defense of white-collar criminals, he is most likely writing about social justice with a special emphasis on height discrimination at his blog: The Social Complex.
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Comments 109
Laura Lee — October 24, 2011
The male in the photo is shown as active (he is speaking with his hands) and the female passive or receptive. Interestingly, given this, my first impression of the second picture was that she was a bit like an angel because she is larger than life and yet serene. The smaller man is looking up and pleading to her, thus she has power over him and yet she "lords" it in a serene way as saints and angels do in religious art.
She seems "above it all."
The first image makes less of an impression on me. Maybe because it conforms to expectations that the man would be taller (although not so comically larger) The hand gesture still seems to be one of persuasion, but it seems less important that he persuade because it seems clear that the woman holding the folder is his subordinate. In the second image I see him as begging her to consider his point of view whereas in the first I have the sense that he is making the case for why she has to do as he just instructed her. So I do interpret the larger person as the boss and the smaller person as the subordinate.
Yrro Simyarin — October 24, 2011
I am curious how much of an effect his head tilt makes on the body language interpretation. To me, at least, it gives much more of an impression than his physical height difference, even though it is caused by that height difference.
Tom Megginson — October 24, 2011
As a 5'7" man, I would love "heightism" to be a purely social construct, but as a primate I also realize that the males of a population being slightly larger than the females is simply a matter of biology. I have dated women an inch or two taller than me, but I hardly blame most tall women for looking for even taller men. I think there's some instinct at play there.
That said, global populations are so mixed now (and average heights increasing through various means) that it would probably be a good thing if society could construct some more flexibility around these arrangements. I'm het-married to a 5'2" woman, but I'm worried the world may be facing a shortage small but traditionally proportional couplings :)
Kunoichi — October 24, 2011
I can't get past the obvious photoshopping. The man isn't just taller or shorter. He's been resized. I can't see that he's taller or shorter than the woman because he's so disproportionate.
Carol Sorensen — October 24, 2011
As a 6 ft tall woman, I call bullshit on your assumption that it isn't as bad for women. I am assuming that some of your thought process that the cultural baggage of tallness for women isn't as bad because you are familiar with underweight actresses and models. But trust me - if you have a normal amount of mass (or more) and are a tall woman, you are seen by many as a "man-hater" (which is a bit different than a masculine woman.)
Imbri — October 24, 2011
I'm a tall woman (6'1'' last time I checked) and being tall has had all sorts of effects. I've been called 'intimidating', I can use my height as a power-dynamic tactic on both a conscious and unconscious level, it gives me the impression of ambition, competence, etc. before any of my skills have been proven. I have very much benefited from it because being tall is associated with a very large list of positive and almost-exclusively masculine traits.
Because I am tall, I read as more-masculine and have been both mistaken for a man at a distance as well as read as a lesbian. I do not consciously feed or thwart those assumptions, but certain patterns of behavior are more acceptable for different heights. Femininity is very linked with small and cute, which is subsequently tied to the logistics of mass. If I wanted to, say, bounce with excitement (arguably very cute), I'm six-freaking-one and the motion has an excellent chance to end up more terrifying than adorable. And I'd probably break something.
Many of the traditional avenues that I might take to express femininity (if I were so inclined) are closed off by simple size and I'm left to seek alternatives. My options in expressing femininity start to become very limited when I can not utilize clothing (everything must be specially ordered or found on soul-killing shopping expeditions and I hate shopping because of it), footwear (I often enter stores and ask for all their size 13 shoes to see my two or three choices), or mannerisms (many feminine mannerisms simply do not scale well). I have had to - over the years - evaluate my own expressions of femininity and modify them so that they suit my height. Very few 'girly' things work for me straight out of the box.
anon — October 24, 2011
"Being a masculine woman is probably NOT considered as negative in our society as being a feminine man."
I think that "female masculinity" is only socially acceptable insofar as it is articulated in terms of heterosexuality. The difference here is between the "tomboy" (often the "sexy" "girl-next-door") and the "butch" (the queer woman who is regulated and disciplined through violence). If you think it's easier to be a "masculine woman" than a "feminine man", maybe you need to think a little harder about the ways hetero-partiarchy operates. I'm not saying that its easy to be a "feminine man", but I am saying that there needs to be an intersectional analysis going on here - one that doesn't implicitly assume that we are dealing with hetero, thin, white, "masculine" women...
I've written a little about sexuality, but think about how race impacts the idea of "masculine women" as socially acceptable! The controlling image of the masculine black woman has been used as a racist trope since slavery. This de-feminized image works to de-humanize black women - to justify slavery, segregation, and other racist institutions.
Anon — October 24, 2011
I have to say, I think this post is disappointing and not up to the blog's usual standards. As several commenters have already pointed out, the author's assumption that society stigmatizes short/feminine males, but not tall/masculine females, really misses the mark. Just ask Hillary Clinton.
Also, why is it that, in the first photo, the man is significantly taller than the woman, but in the second photo, the people are close to the same height?
As a woman, I feel as though this post is geared almost exclusively toward men and the male perspective. Moreover, it seems to be engineered to produce a certain reaction. I always thought the goal of this blog was to challenge social assumptions, not to reinforce them...
Bernardo Soares — October 24, 2011
Interesting post. This new documentary, which only recently was shown at the Warsaw Film Festival, elaborates on the topic and follows several women taller than 180 cm who talk about their experience in society:
http://tallgirls-thefilm.com/index.html
Leslie — October 24, 2011
Just a couple of thoughts, coming from a 5'2" woman: I think being small means you're seen as more feminine, but that can mean a range of things, influenced partly by how big your frame is. For instance, as someone with a BMI in the "normal" range, I find that my short stature most often means that people think I am younger than I am, although my face taken on its own does not look any younger than my friends' faces. I often wonder if this means that I have trouble getting respect and getting my voice heard, but it's hard for me to say, since I've only ever been me (and have been short since I was a wee babe). I have had many experiences of people thinking it's cute or funny when I'm angry, for instance. I also wonder if it affects how often I am harrassed on the street by catcallers. People complain that DC (where I live) is a really bad place for it, but it happens to me pretty rarely. Are shorter women seen as more childlike and less likely to be bothered, or is there a totally different reason for this? Maybe my walking-down-the-street face is super fierce. (Maybe I'm just unattractive, and my mama and my boyfriend have been lying to me.)
My guess is that the femininity reading on women who are short but heavier are probably more skewed toward "motherly." I would guess that these women would also not be taken as seriously. (See tropes such as: "So easy, even your mom can figure it out.") I'm not sure about what the perceptions would be toward short women with bodies that align more with what's currently "sexy" - since that's kind of an androgynous look, maybe they are also treated like they're younger than they are.
In any case, I'd question whether "the positive
cultural perceptions that apply to “feminine females” also apply to
“short females”." I mean, I'd start by questioning whether the cultural perceptions that apply to feminine females can really be classed as positive in general.
Jayn_newell — October 24, 2011
Honestly...that first picture is scary. He doesn't look assertive, he looks aggressive. The second looks more like a meeting of equals--he's by far the more attractive one to me.
But of course, that's just me.
WG — October 24, 2011
Being a 5'1" male, I've seen the massive impact of heightism from a very personal level. I've lost jobs, loans, friendships, and relationships because of my height. When people look at/encounter me, very little goes through their mind other that reflection on my height. Every semester there are at least 3-4 students that approach me on the first day of class and ask exactly how tall I am. There is no aspect of my life that has not been affected by heightism. I have no problem being shorter, but most other people tend to have a huge problem with my height. I've even had people, on many occassions, threaten to kill me because they feel so uncomfortable with my height. My partner and i are planning to start a family and i hope that the child will be female, simply because I truly believe that it is so much easier for a female to be shorter in this society then for a male to be shorter. I don't want a potential son of mine to have to endure the daily harassment/judgement/ridicule that I have gone through my entire life. More awareness needs to be made about heightism and its effect on both males and females.
Anonymous — October 24, 2011
"our society values masculinity more than femininity and so it is more
important for a male to be masculine, but much less important for a
female to be feminine."
Like some other commentators, (particularly Anon who explains the racial intersection in this issue very well) I strongly disagree with your assertion that being a masculine woman is not as detrimental socially as being a feminine man. Masculine women can be derided as "butch, dyke, ball-buster, bitch, man-hater" etc. Further, some masculine women feel they aren't taken seriously because they don't conform to the cultural norms, (paradoxically, feminine women find that they are also not taken seriously because of the negative assumptions regarding femininity, such as the assumption of weakness, over-emotionality and irrationality, among others.)
Lyn — October 24, 2011
"Being a masculine woman is probably NOT considered as negative in our society as being a feminine man. In other words, our society values masculinity more than femininity and so it is more important for a male to be masculine, but much less important for a female to be feminine."
I'm currently reading Julia Serano's Whipping Girl, where she distinguishes oppositional sexism from traditional sexism. The latter is misogyny; it targets both femaleness and femininity. That's why masculine women (although not universally accepted due to oppositional sexism) face less opposition than feminine men (which are targeted, partially, by both forms of sexism).
Her definition of "traditional sexism" and "oppositional sexism" can be found on here: http://www.juliaserano.com/whippinggirl.html#glossary
Kelly H — October 24, 2011
I perceive the taller man as overbearing, deliberately standing close in an attempt to use his size to intimidate, and the shorter man in a conversation between equals.
Saffo — October 25, 2011
Well, one thing that's left out of the conversation is trans folks. But, of course, we always get left out by cis folks talking about "gender." As a tall non-passing trans feminine person , my height makes it a lot harder for me to pass or to be treated as the gender i identify as. there are NO women's clothes made for my body size. because i'm tall, people feel like that makes it okay for them to make comments about my height, which really pisses me off.
ElisabethM — October 25, 2011
All I can think of them saying is, "I like pizza," in both pictures.... maybe I'm hungry.
Andrea — October 25, 2011
There was no discussion in the article about tall women also being perceived as sort of "fantasy" women or as being "extremely feminine"...just look at all of our high fashion models. "They HAVE to be tall" is what is drilled into society..."taller women make the clothes look better and look better in the clothes...If you want to be the ultimate woman, you would have to be tall, to match the model aesthetic," seems to be the rallying cry.
As 5'10.5", I use my height to my advantage every chance I get, and the uber glamorous role is one I especially like.
Joe — October 25, 2011
I believe the purpose of the article above is to make people aware of the existence of heightism - as in discrimination against short people, and short men in particular. Short-statured people are discriminated against in society, and it's not a "Western" phenomenon, it is a world-wide occurrence. Books have been written on the subject. People view short men for examples, as less mature, less capable, less masculine, less intelligent, less strong, less virile, etc. And this is just scratching the surface. Short people can be disparaged, demeaned, threatened, held back in the workplace, have double-standards set for them and currently there is are few ways to obtain legal redress for these injustices. The gentlemen that posted below - 'WG' - has recounted his situation about this. I couldn't possible imagine in my wildest dreams a professor at a community college being given death threats on the basis of race, religion, color, sex, sexual orientation, disability, etc. without it being a national news story and the educational institution itself not being "up in arms" about it. And I don't think anyone else could either. I'm going to quote part of his comment:
"It's just as present now in my 30's as it was in high school. Random
people that I pass on the sidewalk give me a nasty look and cuss; "short
piece of sh1t", "little f*cker", etc. If I ever say back, "what's your
problem?" their usual response is something aggressive, death threats,
etc. I had a boss once that wasn't pleased with my sales numbers
(several careers and years ago). They were fine/okay numbers but
nothing stellar. He said flat out that if I didn't turn my act around
he would beat me senseless behind the building."
Can you imagine random people passing a Black man on the sidewalk, giving him a nasty look and saying, "Black piece of sh1t!" or N****R without being held accountable at some level - any level? I couldn't. Ditto for any other "recognized" group. This is the essence of heightism. Short people are getting quite tired of being virtually the only victim group left who have to tolerate these things.
Joe Mangano
webmaster
www.supportfortheshort.org - a website about Heightism
William Angel — October 26, 2011
Interesting topic to bring up. I took this picture last weekend in Baltimore at an event billed as a "Stilt-a-thon". It depicts two woman relaxing while standing on stilts. I had the camera positioned at my eye level when taking it. (I'm 5ft 8in tall).
So the viewer can see that these women are "towering" over those of us with our feet firmly planted on the ground. The original post would suggest that these women are perhaps deriving some psychological boost by altering the typical male female height relationship, if only temporarily. I admit that this is a very tenuous hypothesis, as the participants in this "Stilt-a-thon" also derived a psychological boost by playing "When the Saints Go Marching In" on kazoos while standing on stilts! (see video in photo set)
Joe — October 27, 2011
This is par for the course WG, this putting down of short people, particularly short men. As soon as we open our mouths, the Tall women come rushing in to claim that they have it worse. And while they're doing so, they're accusing us of doing what they're doing. Women have organizations and political power and in the workplace it doesn't matter if a woman is short or tall, she gets the same rights over men. In 2002 I was on a radio show in Philadelphia talking about prejudice against short people. As soon as the lines were open for calls, Tall women starting calling, in an attempt to claim that they were the worst victims. Recently a board member of a UK TALL CLUB (there are no short clubs for short people) made a hostile remark about short people that was printed in the BBC online. I sent the Tall Club person an email and it was virtually the same scenario. I think some of the women here may have an ax to grind with men. At least a few seem not to want men to be able to claim discrimination of any kind, and they want to confront them when they do.
Joe Mangano
webmaster
www.supportfortheshort.org
Bacchante Maenad — October 28, 2011
I don't think it's true that it is less important for women to be feminine. I thought the evidence is pretty clear - look at how much business is generated towards making women more feminine. How women are sexualized, how they must prepare more for the same job as a man in the corporate world, and probably in other jobs too. The world shows women that they can get ahead simply on their femininity, if it's good enough.
But here is something to consider :
I think maybe what is going on here is that heightism feels worse to men because they aren't used to this type of judgement based on something purely superficial. However, women deal with it all the time.
Another aspect may be that tall women have to deal with pressures to be more feminine before they are tall. Short men, and I am going a little on personal experience here, don't have their shortness matter as much until later in life. This is not completely true, I realize; I'm sure many smaller boys do not get picked for the sports teams or whatever. But they can often make up for this in other ways.
For the record, I'm not very tall. I'm about 5'6" and in my 20s. I honestly did not realize I was short until my early 20s, and it was only online dating that brought it to my attention. I honestly would look at other men, and I still do, who are shorter than me and cheerfully think, "I wonder if it's kind of cool being that short, you can play hide and seek better". (Though maybe that speaks more to my playful child-like wonder :P) And I should say the more and more I am exposed to shallow people, the more height becomes and issue for me.
So, there was a dating site which allowed you to see what women want, including height requirements. What I noticed was that I was cut off by my height by many women, based on these requirements. It was a pretty high percentage, over 60%, maybe as high as 70%. However, I didn't feel this way in real life. I think on paper, 5'6" may seem less attractive than it does. I do think that 5'1" or 5'2" is probably is dismal on a dating site, but even slightly better in person. I think there is also a dynamic where shorter women want to be with taller men, to compensate. That is, a 5'0" women will want to be with someone 8" taller than them, but a 5'4" woman is not quite as picky.
Also for the record, I've been dating A LOT over the last 3 years. And a
very significant percentage of the women I have dated are my height or
taller, by and inch or two. But I tend to go after confident women whose self esteem is more grounded in their own abilities and accomplishments rather than their looks, and these are beautiful women who could date a taller guy if that was their primary qualification.
And I think this issue is such a great one to examine because it really
exposes so many of the issues we have with gender. I'm not sure what
heightism awareness is going to accomplish. Particularly with mating
behavior, I do not think heightism awareness is going to do much. What
we need to work on is gender issues in general and I do believe many
heightism issues stem from gender issues, media, etc, as you say. But I think in general our society should promote better role models for women. If women weren't so pressured to consider what it might look like to others if they dated a shorter guy, they probably would date more shorter men.
Anonymous — November 3, 2011
I'm 2.5 inches taller than my boyfriend of 4 years! My mom's two husbands have both been shorter than her 5'11".
Guest — November 7, 2011
I perceived, in order;
"huh, that woman looks kinda short."
and then
"my goodness, what a tiny man."
Imagining (Beyond) the Body — October 30, 2013
[…] I read an article about how heightism is a social construct based on gender norms in which the author asks the reader to answer a number of questions regarding the following […]