{"id":948,"date":"2016-05-09T10:52:59","date_gmt":"2016-05-09T15:52:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=948"},"modified":"2016-09-14T09:40:14","modified_gmt":"2016-09-14T14:40:14","slug":"morality-and-maybe-moms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2016\/05\/09\/morality-and-maybe-moms\/","title":{"rendered":"Morality and Maybe-Moms"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_949\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-949\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edmontonfetalalcoholnetwork.files.wordpress.com\/2014\/12\/drinking-for-two.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-949\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-0\" data-rl_title=\"\" data-rl_caption=\"\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-949\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/05\/drinking-for-two-600x222.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;Drinking for Two&quot; via Edmonton Fetal Alcohol Network\" width=\"600\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/05\/drinking-for-two-600x222.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/05\/drinking-for-two-300x111.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/05\/drinking-for-two.jpg 634w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-949\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;Drinking for Two&#8221; via Edmonton Fetal Alcohol Network<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><div class=\"pull-this-show\" id=\"pull-this-show-948-ex1\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/div>Pregnant women are under attack&#8212;or so it seems. Actually, according to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), all women who might become pregnant <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ever <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are at risk. In February, the CDC released a <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2016\/p0202-alcohol-exposed-pregnancy.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">report<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> estimating that around 3 million women \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are at risk of exposing their developing baby to alcohol because they are drinking, sexually active and not using birth control to prevent pregnancy.&#8221;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Since then, many have <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2016\/02\/04\/465607147\/women-blast-cdcs-advice-to-use-birth-control-if-drinking-alcohol\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bashed<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the CDC for advising women to live as though they are \u201cpre-pregnant,\u201d abstaining from drinking if they are not on birth control or if they are even considering getting pregnant. Coupled with <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/goatsandsoda\/2016\/04\/15\/473976155\/how-contagious-is-zika\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">growing threat<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Zika virus and its <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/science\/sciencenow\/la-sci-sn-zika-microcephalic-brain-scans-20160414-story.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">link<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s to birth defects, such suggestions have propelled discussions of women\u2019s roles in preventing catastrophic disability. Sociologists suggest that perceptions of women\u2019s behavior are closely tied to ideas about the morality of motherhood. In particular, women who appear to resist common conceptions of what it means to be a \u201cgood\u201d mother are subject to greater social control.<span class=\"pull-this-mark\" id=\"pull-this-mark-948-ex1\" style=\"display:none;\">Women who appear to resist common conceptions of what it means to be a \u201cgood\u201d mother are subject to greater social control.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In American culture, motherhood is inextricably tied to morality. Moral arguments against abortion often rely on particular conceptions of sexual behavior, family life, and care for children. The ideology of \u201cintensive mothering\u201d demands that women be self-sacrificing and devote extensive time and energy to their children\u2019s wants and needs &#8212; time and energy that many working women cannot afford. <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/cf\/faculty-and-staff\/faculty.cfm?pid=1008351\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sharon Hays<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1996. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Cultural-Contradictions-Motherhood-Sharon-Hays\/dp\/0300076525\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sociology.berkeley.edu\/professor-emeritus\/kristin-luker\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kristin Luker<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1984. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Abortion-Politics-Motherhood-Kristin-Luker\/dp\/0520055977\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abortion &amp; the Politics of Motherhood<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Berkeley: University of California Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This emphasis on mothers\u2019 devotion to their children places them under considerable scrutiny, not only while raising children, but also during pregnancy. For instance, the \u201cdiscovery\u201d of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome heightened concerns over drinking during pregnancy. This made pregnant women the individual bearers of responsibility for the well-being of future children, and made them susceptible to moral outrage for behaviors like drinking. (Bucking the trend, the New York City Human Rights Commission has <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">just<\/span><\/i> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.denverpost.com\/breakingnews\/ci_29858746\/agency-bars-cant-ban-pregnant-women-or-refuse\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">recommended that visibly pregnant women cannot be discriminated against<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> if, for instance, they order a glass of wine in a bar.)<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.lsa.umich.edu\/elizabetharmstrong\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elizabeth Armstrong<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2008. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Conceiving-Risk-Bearing-Responsibility-Diagnosis\/dp\/0801891086\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conceiving Risk, Bearing Responsibility: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the Diagnosis of Moral Disorder<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor women, especially poor women of color, face a greater burden under dealized conceptions about what it means to be a \u201cgood\u201d or \u201cfit\u201d mother. Not only are they regularly depicted as immoral or unfit, they are also criminalized and sanctioned at higher rates. Historical analyses <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/girlwpen\/2013\/01\/15\/nice-work-policing-pregnant-women\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">show<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pregnant women are arrested for stillbirths, miscarriages, using drugs while pregnant, as well as incarcerated to prevent abortion. Poor women labeled \u201chigh risk\u201d are prosecuted for failing to comply with medical advice when their fetus or baby dies, thus they are ironically <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">discouraged<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from seeking care during pregnancy. Just as the \u201ccrack baby\u201d became a symbol of the irresponsibility of poor, black women in the 1980s and \u201890s, Zika exposure and alcohol use are invoked today to place mothers and potential mothers under continued scrutiny.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.csueastbay.edu\/directory\/profiles\/hdev\/handwerkerlisa.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lisa Handwerker<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1994. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/027795369490457X\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medical Risk: Implicating Poor Pregnant Women<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d Social Science and Medicine 38(5):665-675. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cla.umn.edu\/about\/directory\/profile\/elogan\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enid Logan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1999. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/29767115?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Wrong Race, Committing Crime, Doing Drugs, and Maladjusted for Motherhood: The Nation\u2019s Fury over \u2018Crack Babies<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2019.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Justice<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 26(1):115-138.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.fordham.edu\/info\/20855\/faculty\/5005\/jeanne_flavin\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jeanne Flavin<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2009. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Our-Bodies-Crimes-Reproduction-Alternative\/dp\/0814727549\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Our Bodies, Our Crimes: The Policing of Women\u2019s Reproduction in America<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New York: New York University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pregnant women are under attack&#8212;or so it seems. Actually, according to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), all women who might become pregnant ever are at risk. In February, the CDC released a report estimating that around 3 million women \u201care at risk of exposing their developing baby to alcohol because they are drinking, sexually [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2020,"featured_media":949,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,55,33],"tags":[17218,40795,2462,38543,40798,38544,3107,3109,3175,4374,40799,3290,4071,40793,19084,40794],"class_list":["post-948","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-culture","category-gender","category-health","tag-birth","tag-birth-defects","tag-childbirth","tag-culture","tag-fas","tag-health","tag-morality","tag-motherhood","tag-norms","tag-parenting","tag-pre-pregnant","tag-pregnancy","tag-public-health","tag-public-health-campaigns","tag-social-control","tag-zika"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/05\/drinking-for-two.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/948","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=948"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/948\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":951,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/948\/revisions\/951"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/949"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=948"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=948"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=948"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}