{"id":741,"date":"2015-05-09T15:39:19","date_gmt":"2015-05-09T15:39:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=741"},"modified":"2015-10-13T18:57:52","modified_gmt":"2015-10-13T18:57:52","slug":"let-the-sexism-begin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2015\/05\/09\/let-the-sexism-begin\/","title":{"rendered":"Election 2016: Let the Sexism Begin!"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2015\/05\/Hillary-Carly.png\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-0\" data-rl_title=\"\" data-rl_caption=\"\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-742 \" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2015\/05\/Hillary-Carly-1024x532.png\" alt=\"Hillary Carly\" width=\"577\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2015\/05\/Hillary-Carly-1024x532.png 1024w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2015\/05\/Hillary-Carly-300x156.png 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2015\/05\/Hillary-Carly.png 1042w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 577px) 100vw, 577px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>With Hillary Clinton\u2019s official <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/politics\/articles\/2015-04-13\/transcript-hillary-clinton-announces-run-for-president\">announcement of her presidential candidacy<\/a>&#8212;and now Carly Fiorina\u2019s GOP candidacy&#8212;we have seen the<a href=\"http:\/\/mediamatters.org\/video\/2015\/04\/13\/hannitys-sexist-ageist-attack-against-hillary-c\/203267\"> immediate<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newsday.com\/opinion\/columnists\/cathy-young\/hillary-clinton-shouldn-t-play-the-sexism-card-1.10256755\">constant<\/a> sexism that will undoubtedly plague the campaign coverage until election day. <em>Time Magazine<\/em>, for example, <a href=\"http:\/\/time.com\/3763552\/hillary-clinton-age-president\/\">ran a piece focusing on Clinton\u2019s presumed post-menopausal estrogen levels<\/a> as an asset to her presidential leadership skills (we have yet to spot an article on the testosterone levels of Jeb Bush or Bernie Sanders).<\/p>\n<h5>Media outlets often pay a disproportionately higher rate of attention to female candidate\u2019s wardrobe, appearance, and age than to that of male candidates, treating women as novelties rather than serious contenders. The focus on appearance objectifies and sexualizes, delegitimizing their authority.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxy.edu\/faculty\/caroline-heldman\">Caroline Heldman<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/lisa-wade.com\/\">Lisa Wade<\/a>. 2011. <a href=\"https:\/\/lisawadedotcom.files.wordpress.com\/2011\/02\/heldman-wade-2011-sexualizing-sarah-palin.pdf\">\u201cSexualizing Sarah Palin: The Social and Political Context of the Sexual Objectification of Female Candidates<\/a>.\u201d <em>Sex Roles <\/em>65: 156-164.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxy.edu\/faculty\/caroline-heldman\">Caroline Heldman<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cawp.rutgers.edu\/about_cawp\/carrollbio.php\">Susan J. Carroll<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.glbtq.com\/contributors\/bio_288.html\">Stephanie Olson<\/a>. 2005. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/10584600591006564\">\u201cShe Brought Only a Skirt: Print Media Coverage of Elizabeth Dole\u2019s Bid For the Republican Nomination.\u201d<\/a> <em>Political Communication <\/em>22: 315-335.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>People evaluate \u201cappropriate\u201d roles for women in public office based on gender stereotypes about policy and issue competency more than on personality traits. Public opinion survey respondents indicate that they find female candidates more capable of handling \u201cfeminine\u201d topics like education and healthcare, while male candidates are more qualified to deal with \u201cmasculine\u201d issues like terrorism and the economy.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/genderandpolipsych.com\/participants\/kathleen-dolan\/\">Kathleen Dolan<\/a>. 2010.<a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11109-009-9090-4\"> \u201cThe Impact of Gender Stereotyped Evaluation on Support for Women Candidates.\u201d <\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11109-009-9090-4\">Political Behavior<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11109-009-9090-4\"> 32(1): 69-88.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Contrary to expectations, neither higher numbers of educated women nor the type of political system translates to more women in national office. In fact, female congressional candidates win at similar rates to men in general elections. Instead, ideologies about women\u2019s roles and positions in societies influence women\u2019s abilities to enter politics as candidates and survive the primary process.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.american.edu\/spa\/faculty\/lawless.cfm\">Jennifer L. Lawless <\/a>and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.polisci.umn.edu\/people\/profile.php?UID=kpearson\">Kathryn Pearson.<\/a> 2008. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1017\/S002238160708005X\">The Primary Reason for Women&#8217;s Underrepresentation? Reevaluating the Conventional Wisdom.<\/a>\u201d The Journal of Politics 70(1):67-82<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.smu.edu\/Dedman\/FacultyAndStaff\/Directory\/KunovichSheri\">Sheri Kunovich<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.utexas.edu\/cola\/depts\/sociology\/faculty\/pp7497\">Pamela Paxton<\/a>. 2005. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1086\/444445\">\u201cPathways to Power: The Role of Political Parties in Women\u2019s National Political Representation.\u201d<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/digitalrepository.smu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&amp;context=hum_sci_sociology_research\">American Journal of Sociology<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/digitalrepository.smu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&amp;context=hum_sci_sociology_research\"> 111(2): 505-552.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For more on this topic, check out <a href=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/ssn\/2015\/04\/13\/women-in-legislature\/\">Scholars Strategy Network<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/2011\/09\/03\/saturday-night-live-and-the-double-bind-dilemma-for-women-in-politics\/\">Sociological Images<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; With Hillary Clinton\u2019s official announcement of her presidential candidacy&#8212;and now Carly Fiorina\u2019s GOP candidacy&#8212;we have seen the immediate and constant sexism that will undoubtedly plague the campaign coverage until election day. Time Magazine, for example, ran a piece focusing on Clinton\u2019s presumed post-menopausal estrogen levels as an asset to her presidential leadership skills (we [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":495,"featured_media":742,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[55,85],"tags":[38543,38545,38541,129,38546,1528,407],"class_list":["post-741","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gender","category-politics","tag-culture","tag-gender","tag-inequality","tag-media","tag-politics","tag-sexism","tag-stereotypes"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2015\/05\/Hillary-Carly.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/741","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/495"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=741"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/741\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":744,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/741\/revisions\/744"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/742"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=741"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=741"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=741"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}