{"id":712,"date":"2015-04-13T18:40:31","date_gmt":"2015-04-13T18:40:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=712"},"modified":"2015-10-13T18:59:20","modified_gmt":"2015-10-13T18:59:20","slug":"lil-ladies-and-the-gendering-of-legitimacy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2015\/04\/13\/lil-ladies-and-the-gendering-of-legitimacy\/","title":{"rendered":"Lil\u2019 Ladies and the Gendering of Legitimacy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2015\/04\/Limbaugh-Wade.png\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-0\" data-rl_title=\"\" data-rl_caption=\"\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright  wp-image-713\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2015\/04\/Limbaugh-Wade.png\" alt=\"Limbaugh Wade\" width=\"284\" height=\"323\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2015\/04\/Limbaugh-Wade.png 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2015\/04\/Limbaugh-Wade-263x300.png 263w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 284px) 100vw, 284px\" \/><\/a>During his <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rushlimbaugh.com\/daily\/2015\/04\/01\/quick_hits_page\">April 1 on-air radio show<\/a>, Rush Limbaugh cited a recent <a href=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\"><em>SocImages<\/em><\/a> post titled, <a href=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/2015\/03\/25\/are-economics-majors-anti-social\/\">\u201cAre Economics Majors Anti-Social?\u201d<\/a> In debating the content of the post, Limbaugh frequently referred to author and editor <a href=\"http:\/\/lisa-wade.com\/\">Lisa Wade<\/a> as \u201cprofessorette.\u201d In making up this word, he intentionally gendered the gender-neutral title &#8220;professor.&#8221; Given the cultural devaluation of femininity, the unnecessary gendering of Wade\u2019s profession signals a discounting of her position and expertise. While Wade is, notably, the author (with Myra Marx-Ferree) of the new book, <a href=\"http:\/\/lisa-wade.com\/books\/\"><em>Gender<\/em><\/a>,\u00a0women of all professions face challenges to their legitimacy.<\/p>\n<h5>Education, prestige, and capital do not exempt women from sexist stereotypes about incompetency. Female researchers and professors are often viewed as less competent than their male colleagues, and male-dominated academic disciplines are perceived to draw more innately brilliant and talented practitioners than female-dominated disciplines.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Rhea E. Steinpreis, Katie A. Anders, Dawn Ritzke. 1999. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/advance.cornell.edu\/documents\/ImpactofGender.pdf\">The Impact of Gender on the Review of the Curricula Vitae of Job Applicants and Tenure Candidates: A National Empirical Study<\/a>.\u201d <em>Sex Roles <\/em>41(7-8): 509-528.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/socant.chass.ncsu.edu\/students\/listing\/loconne\">Lillian MacNell<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.uwlax.edu\/profile\/adriscoll\/\">Adam Driscoll<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/socant.chass.ncsu.edu\/faculty_staff\/atkinson\">Andrea N. Hunt<\/a>. 2014. <a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10755-014-9313-4\">\u201cWhat\u2019s in a Name: Exposing Gender Bias in Student Ratings of Teaching.<\/a>\u201d <em>Innovative Higher Education<\/em> 1\u201313.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.skidmore.edu\/psychology\/faculty\/moss-racusin.php\">Corinne A. Moss-Racusin<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/psychology.yale.edu\/people\/john-dovidio\">John F. Dovidio<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/som.yale.edu\/victoria-l-brescoll\">Victoria L. Brescoll<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/medicine.yale.edu\/psychiatry\/people\/mark_graham.profile\">Mark J. Graham<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/bbs.yale.edu\/molecularcell\/researchpeople\/jo_handelsman.profile\">Jo Handelsman<\/a>. 2012. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/109\/41\/16474\">\u201cScience Faculty\u2019s Subtle Gender Biases Favor Male Students.\u201d <\/a><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em> 109(41):16474\u201379.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/~sjleslie\/\">Sarah-Jane Leslie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.psychology.illinois.edu\/people\/acimpian\">Andrei Cimpian<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.otterbein.edu\/public\/About\/Faculty\/meredith-meyer.aspx\">Meredith Meyer<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/wws.princeton.edu\/faculty-research\/faculty\/efreelan\">Edward Freeland<\/a>. 2015. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/content\/347\/6219\/262\">Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines<\/a>.\u201d <em>Science <\/em>347: 262-265.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Even when women occupy high status positions of expertise they are more likely to be interrupted than men. Furthermore, men are more likely to interrupt women even when women occupy a higher professional prestige, suggesting that the gender hierarchy can be more influential\u00a0to power dynamics than professional status.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.adriennehancock.com\/\">Adrienne B. Hancock<\/a> and Benjamin A. Rubin. 2015. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/jls.sagepub.com\/content\/34\/1\/46\">Influence of Communication Partner\u2019s Gender on Language<\/a>.\u201d <em>Journal of Language and Social Psychology<\/em> 34(1):46\u201364.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sociology.ucsc.edu\/faculty\/singleton.php?&amp;singleton=true&amp;cruz_id=west\">Candace West<\/a>. 1984. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1525\/si.1984.7.1.87\/abstract\">When the Doctor is a \u2018Lady\u2019: Power, Status, and Gender in Physician-Patient Encounters<\/a>.\u201d <em>Symbolic Interaction <\/em>7(1): 87-106.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Women are also limited in the range of emotions and behaviors they can exhibit in the workplace without being judged negatively. Emotional displays of anger, for example, are interpreted differently if exhibited by men or women, to the likely disadvantage of women. Additionally, displays of dominance by agentic (that is, self-organizing and proactive) female leaders are subject to dominance penalties, backlash, and prejudice.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/som.yale.edu\/victoria-l-brescoll\">Victoria L. Brescoll<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.socialjudgments.com\/\">Eric Luis Uhlmann<\/a>. 2008. <a href=\"http:\/\/pss.sagepub.com\/content\/19\/3\/268\">\u201cCan an Angry Woman Get Ahead? Status Conferral, Gender, and Expression of Emotion in the Workplace.\u201d <\/a><em>Psychological Science<\/em> 19(3):268\u201375.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.rci.rutgers.edu\/~rudman\/\">Laurie Rudman<\/a>, Corinne A. Moss-Racusin, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.langerresearch.com\/ourdepth.php?i=5\">Julie E. Phelan<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sannenauts.com\/\">Sanne Nauts<\/a>. 2012. <a href=\"http:\/\/rutgerssocialcognitionlab.weebly.com\/uploads\/1\/3\/9\/7\/13979590\/rudman_moss-racusin_phelan__nauts_2012.pdf\">\u201cStatus incongruity and backlash effects: Defending the gender hierarchy motivates prejudice against female leaders.\u201d<\/a> <em>Journal of Experimental Social Psychology<\/em> 48: 165-179.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Curious what our friends in sociolinguistics have to say about gendered titles? Consider listening to Lexicon Valley\u2019s exploration of feminine word endings <a href=\"http:\/\/www.slate.com\/articles\/podcasts\/lexicon_valley\/2015\/02\/lexicon_valley_anne_curzan_on_the_etymology_and_history_of_feminine_designations.html\">here.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>During his April 1 on-air radio show, Rush Limbaugh cited a recent SocImages post titled, \u201cAre Economics Majors Anti-Social?\u201d In debating the content of the post, Limbaugh frequently referred to author and editor Lisa Wade as \u201cprofessorette.\u201d In making up this word, he intentionally gendered the gender-neutral title &#8220;professor.&#8221; Given the cultural devaluation of femininity, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":495,"featured_media":713,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[55,13,85],"tags":[209,10501,470,38545,2991,1605,38546,868,31378,1528],"class_list":["post-712","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gender","category-inequality","category-politics","tag-academia","tag-authority","tag-discrimination","tag-gender","tag-leadership","tag-legitimacy","tag-politics","tag-power","tag-professionalism","tag-sexism"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2015\/04\/Limbaugh-Wade.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/712","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/495"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=712"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/712\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":781,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/712\/revisions\/781"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/713"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=712"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=712"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=712"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}