{"id":684,"date":"2015-03-04T20:21:33","date_gmt":"2015-03-04T20:21:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=684"},"modified":"2015-10-13T19:00:08","modified_gmt":"2015-10-13T19:00:08","slug":"how-hate-crimes-count","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2015\/03\/04\/how-hate-crimes-count\/","title":{"rendered":"How Hate Crimes Count"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>By\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/people\/evan\/\">Evan Stewart<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/people\/jack\/\">Jack Delehanty<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/people\/ryan\/\">Ryan Larson<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/people\/stephen\/\">Stephen Suh<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/12\/us\/muslim-student-shootings-north-carolina.html\">The shooting of three young adults in Chapel Hill<\/a>, North Carolina, raises a number of questions about hate crimes in the United States. All three victims were Muslim, and interviews with their family members about previous conflicts indicate the killings may have been motivated by anti-Islamic sentiment. On the other hand, police released a statement that the killings were motivated by a parking dispute, and the regional U.S. attorney called them \u201can isolated incident.\u201d Research shows the social context of a crime matters, even when it isn\u2019t officially labeled a \u201chate crime.\u201d<\/p>\n<h5>Hate crimes are retaliatory and respond to particular social events and contexts. Racialized talk of hate crime, especially when discussed over the Internet, is provoked by anxieties over close social ties to minorities\u2014such as interracial marriage or integrated neighborhoods\u2014more than economic competition. Time, neighborhood, and labeling factors all point to social context as a necessary tool to understand hate crimes.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sociology.osu.edu\/people\/king.2065\">Ryan D. King<\/a> and Gretchen M. Sutton. 2013. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1745-9125.12022\/full\">High Times for Hate Crimes: Explaining the Temporal Clustering of Hate-Motivated Offending.<\/a>\u201d <em>Criminology<\/em> 51(4):871-894<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gspp.berkeley.edu\/directories\/faculty\/jack-glaser\">Jack Glaser<\/a>, Jay Dixit, and <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/donaldpgreen\/\">Donald P. Green<\/a>. 2002. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/gspp.berkeley.edu\/assets\/uploads\/research\/pdf\/GlaserDixitGreen2002.pdf\">Studying Hate Crime with the Internet: What Makes Racists Advocate Racial Violence?<\/a>\u201d <em>Journal of Social Issues<\/em> 58(1):177-193<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Social context is often ignored in hate crime data. Government offices and watchdog organizations often define hate crimes differently than others, and their data focus on the number of attacks rather than contextual risk factors. This makes it difficult to study hate crimes, especially when witness reports or police records show a parking dispute.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Donald P. Green, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.uni-trier.de\/index.php?id=46287\">Laurence H. McFalls<\/a> and Jennifer K. Smith. 2001. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2678630?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\">Hate Crime: An Emergent Research Agenda<\/a>\u201d<em>Annual Review of Sociology<\/em> 27:479-504<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sociology.unm.edu\/people\/faculty\/profile\/Christopher%20J.%20Lyons.html\">Christopher J. Lyons<\/a>. 2008. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/naulibrary.org\/dglibrary\/admin\/book_directory\/Sociology\/5050.pdf\">Individual perceptions and the social construction of hate crimes: A factorial survey.<\/a>\u201d <em>The Social Science Journal<\/em> 45(1):107-131<\/li>\n<li>Christopher J. Lyons and <a href=\"http:\/\/uwm.edu\/sociology\/people\/roberts-aki\/\">Aki Roberts<\/a>. 2014. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/ccj.sagepub.com\/content\/30\/3\/268.full.pdf\">The Difference \u201cHate\u201d Makes in Clearing Crime: An Event History Analysis of Incident Factors.<\/a>\u201d <em>Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. <\/em>30(3):268-289.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Anti-Islamic attitudes are also central to the UNC case. Emerging research indicates these attitudes are unique in the U.S. context as well, where racial bias interacts with cultural bias against public religious practice in a particular political climate.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.marquette.edu\/social-cultural-sciences\/louise-cainkar.shtml\">Louise Cainkar<\/a>. 2009. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.russellsage.org\/publications\/homeland-insecurity\">Homeland insecurity: the Arab American and Muslim American experience after 9\/11<\/a><em>.<\/em> Russell Sage Foundation.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/socialsciences\/main\/staff\/people-profile.php?name=Steve_Garner\">Steve Garner<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.simmons.edu\/Faculty\/Saher-Selod\">Saher Selod<\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/crs.sagepub.com\/content\/early\/2014\/07\/07\/0896920514531606.full.pdf\">The Racialization of Muslims: Empirical Studies of Islamophobia.<\/a>\u201d <em>Critical Sociology<\/em>, July 7, 2014.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/padm.metu.edu.tr\/assist-prof-kerem-ozan-kalkan\">Kerem Ozan Kalkan<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/politicalscience.nd.edu\/faculty\/faculty-list\/geoffrey-c-layman\/\">Geoffrey C. Layman<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gvpt.umd.edu\/uslaner\/\">Eric M. Uslaner<\/a>. 2009. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/journals.cambridge.org\/action\/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;aid=5962160&amp;fileId=S0022381609090756\">\u2018Bands of Others\u2019? Attitudes toward Muslims in Contemporary American Society.<\/a>\u201d <em>The Journal of Politics<\/em> 71(3):847\u201362.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By\u00a0Evan Stewart, Jack Delehanty, Ryan Larson, and Stephen Suh The shooting of three young adults in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, raises a number of questions about hate crimes in the United States. All three victims were Muslim, and interviews with their family members about previous conflicts indicate the killings may have been motivated by anti-Islamic [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1893,"featured_media":685,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124,14],"tags":[28790,38547,470,31353,596,1068,8972,480,405,31349,42],"class_list":["post-684","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-crime","category-race","tag-arab-american","tag-crime","tag-discrimination","tag-gun-crime","tag-hate-crime","tag-islam","tag-islamophobia","tag-murder","tag-muslim","tag-muslim-american","tag-religion"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2015\/03\/Chicago-Sun-Times-Redeye-Graphic-via-Daniel-X-ONeill-flickr-CC.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/684","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1893"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=684"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/684\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":687,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/684\/revisions\/687"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/685"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=684"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=684"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=684"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}