{"id":652,"date":"2015-01-23T16:35:11","date_gmt":"2015-01-23T16:35:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=652"},"modified":"2015-10-13T19:01:03","modified_gmt":"2015-10-13T19:01:03","slug":"taking-stock-of-torture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2015\/01\/23\/taking-stock-of-torture\/","title":{"rendered":"Taking Stock of Torture"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Last month the Senate Intelligence Committee released its report on the CIA\u2019s use of \u201cenhanced interrogation techniques.\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2014\/12\/09\/politics\/top-takeaways-cia-torture-report\/\">News outlets<\/a> have raised a number of disturbing takeaways from the report\u2019s 500+ page summary, including the gritty details of torture, the failure of many of these practices to get results, and the $81 million paid out to the advisors who helped design them. We typically think of torture as either a barbaric practice or a necessary, if extreme, evil in some limited cases. But while the public wonders whether it actually works, research shows this question doesn\u2019t really decide whether an organization will turn to torture in the first place.<\/p>\n<h5>Torture only works because of a highly developed social relationship where the perpetrator can perceive the victim\u2019s pain, but continue with the practice. Randall Collins argues this makes it an extreme way to symbolize human social boundaries\u2014who is in with the powerful community and who is not. This relationship maintains dominance, regardless of whether it gets information.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sociology.sas.upenn.edu\/r_collins\">Randall Collins<\/a>. 1974. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00160802\">Three Faces of Cruelty: Towards a Comparative Sociology of Violence.<\/a>&#8221; <em>Theory and Society<\/em> 1(4): 415-440.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>When torture hits the news, leaders care more about managing the public response than ending this social relationship. Analysis of the Senate Armed Services Committee meetings after Abu Ghraib came to light in 2004 shows how leaders interpreted widespread torture as \u201cisolated incidents.\u201d Experimental surveys of Iraqi judges found they were more likely to give lenient sentences in hypothetical cases of Coalition torture if they felt secure from future crime and protected by police.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.du.edu\/ahss\/sociology\/facultystaff\/delrosso.html\">Jared Del Rosso<\/a>. 2011. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1525\/sp.2011.58.2.165\">The Textual Mediation of Denial: Congress, Abu Ghraib, and the Construction of an Isolated Incident.<\/a>\u201d <em>Social Problems. <\/em>58(2): 165-188<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sociology.northwestern.edu\/people\/faculty\/john-hagan.html\">John Hagan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.soc.umn.edu\/people\/ferrales_g.html\">Gabrielle Ferrales<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/sociology.fas.nyu.edu\/object\/guillerminajasso.html\">Guillermina Jasso<\/a>. 2008. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1540-5893.2008.00353.x\/full\">How Law Rules: Torture, Terror, and the Normative Judgments of Iraqi Judges<\/a>\u201d <em>Law &amp; Society Review<\/em> 42(3): 605-644<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>All this points to a broader claim about the \u201cdark side of organizations:\u201d their misbehavior is often routine. When the public finds out, organizations are often more concerned with making sure the routine isn\u2019t destroyed by being labeled as a widespread mistake, misconduct, or disaster. Instead, they admit to individual wrongdoing\u2014like isolated incidents of torture that didn\u2019t work\u2014to avoid bigger questions about why torture happens in the first place.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sociology.columbia.edu\/node\/180\">Diane Vaughan.<\/a> 1999. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/223506\">The Dark Side of Organizations: Mistake, Misconduct, and Disaster<\/a>\u201d<em>Annual Review of Sociology <\/em>25: 271-305<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Last month the Senate Intelligence Committee released its report on the CIA\u2019s use of \u201cenhanced interrogation techniques.\u201d News outlets have raised a number of disturbing takeaways from the report\u2019s 500+ page summary, including the gritty details of torture, the failure of many of these practices to get results, and the $81 million paid out to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1893,"featured_media":512,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124,85],"tags":[871,28760,38547,28759,321,673,38546,3615,133],"class_list":["post-652","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-crime","category-politics","tag-abu-ghraib","tag-cia","tag-crime","tag-interrogation","tag-law","tag-organizations","tag-politics","tag-torture","tag-violence"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2014\/02\/2720296187_065ab12ce1_m.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/652","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1893"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=652"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/652\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":655,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/652\/revisions\/655"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/512"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=652"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=652"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=652"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}