{"id":423,"date":"2014-09-26T19:52:23","date_gmt":"2014-09-26T19:52:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=423"},"modified":"2015-10-13T19:04:00","modified_gmt":"2015-10-13T19:04:00","slug":"think-fast-policing-race-and-implicit-bias","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2014\/09\/26\/think-fast-policing-race-and-implicit-bias\/","title":{"rendered":"Think Fast: Policing, Race, and Implicit Bias"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Recent shootings in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/storyline\/michael-brown-shooting\/ferguson-missouris-police-chief-joins-michael-brown-protesters-n212076\">Missouri<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/nation\/la-na-utah-police-shooting-20140914-story.html\">Utah<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/US\/dashcam-captures-south-carolina-trooper-shooting-unarmed-man\/story?id=25749239\">South Carolina<\/a> keep us asking how racial bias affects the use of deadly force by the police. How and why\u00a0does differential treatment by race continue to persist in law enforcement? Part of the answer has to do with the culture and history of policing (see our pervious post <a href=\"http:\/\/%20thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2014\/08\/26\/reflecting-on-ferguson\/\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Reflecting on Ferguson<\/span><\/a>). Another part involves what psychologists call \u201cimplicit biases.\u201d Implicit biases are the unconscious ways in which people treat others differently. Studies of implicit bias have consistently shown that people tend to prefer white to African-American, young to old, and heterosexual to gay. Many social scientists conclude these implicit biases reflect societal biases, because continuous exposure to these assumptions\u00a0in media and daily interactions leads to biased cognitive associations like \u201cwhite-innocent\u201d or \u201cblack-criminal.\u201d<\/p>\n<h5>Implicit biases are most clearly exposed when people are forced to make quick decisions, like when an officer is deciding to shoot or holster their weapon.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/index.cfm?fa=search.searchResults&amp;latSearchType=a&amp;term=Eberhardt,%20Jennifer%20L.\">Jennifer L. Eberhardt<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/index.cfm?fa=search.searchResults&amp;latSearchType=a&amp;term=Goff,%20Phillip%20Atiba\">Phillip Atiba Goff<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/index.cfm?fa=search.searchResults&amp;latSearchType=a&amp;term=Purdie,%20Valerie%20J.\">Valerie J. Purdie<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/index.cfm?fa=search.searchResults&amp;latSearchType=a&amp;term=Davies,%20Paul%20G.\">Paul G. Davies<\/a>. 2004. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www-psych.stanford.edu\/~mcslab\/PublicationPDFs\/Seeing%20black.pdf\">Seeing Black: Race, Crime, and Visual Processing.<\/a>&#8221;\u00a0<em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.<\/em>\u00a087(6): 876-893.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/inside.bard.edu\/~lane\/\">Kristin A. Lane<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/jerrykang.net\/bio\/\">Jerry Kang<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.people.fas.harvard.edu\/~banaji\/\">Mahzarin R. Banaji<\/a>. 2007. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1146\/annurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112748\">Implicit Social Cognition.<\/a>&#8221;\u00a0<em>Annual Review of Law and Social Science\u00a0<\/em>3: 427-51<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Psychologists study\u00a0the shoot\/don\u2019t shoot scenario\u00a0with video game simulations that require civilians and police to make decisions about a person removing an object (either a weapon or non-weapon) from their pocket. Generally, police make better decisions than civilians, but a racial\u00a0bias still persists.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/psych.colorado.edu\/~social\/faculty.html\">Joshua Correll<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/psych.colorado.edu\/~social\/faculty.html\">Bernadette Park<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/psych.colorado.edu\/~social\/faculty.html\">Charles M. Judd<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chicagobooth.edu\/faculty\/directory\/w\/bernd-wittenbrink\">Bernd Wittenbrink<\/a>. 2007. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezp3.lib.umn.edu\/doi\/10.1002\/ejsp.450\/abstract\">The Influence of Stereotypes on Decisions to Shoot.<\/a>&#8221;\u00a0<em>European Journal of Social Psychology\u00a0<\/em>37(6): 1102-1117.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: rgb(27.843140%, 27.843140%, 27.843140%);\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.csun.edu\/~dma\/\">Debbie S. Ma<\/a>, Joshua Correll, Bernd Wittenbrink, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bgu.ac.il\/~baranany\/\">Yoav Bar-Anan<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.virginia.edu\/psychology\/socialpsych\/profiles.html#sriram\">N. Sriram<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.virginia.edu\/psychology\/socialpsych\/profiles.html#nosek\">Brian A. Nosek<\/a>. 2013. &#8220;<\/span><span style=\"color: #474747;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01973533.2013.840630#.VCW_vStdWYk\">When Fatigue Turns Deadly: The Association Between Fatigue and Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot.<\/a>&#8220;<i>\u00a0<\/i><em>Basic and Applied Social Psychology<\/em> 35(6): 515-524<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Social scientists have several suggestions on how to reduce biases in law enforcement, including\u00a0increasing the diversity of police forces and management, removing stereotypic images from the workplace, and requiring training to develop\u00a0counter-stereotypic cognition.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.law.yale.edu\/faculty\/CJolls.htm\">Christine Jolls<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.law.uchicago.edu\/faculty\/sunstein\/\">Cass R. Sunstein<\/a>. 2006. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20439057\">The law of Implicit Bias.<\/a>&#8221;\u00a0<em>California Law Review\u00a0<\/em>94(4):\u00a0969-996.<\/li>\n<li>Jerry Kang et al. 2012. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2026540\">Implicit Bias in the Courtroom.<\/a>&#8221;\u00a0<em>UCLA Law Review\u00a0<\/em>59(5): 1124-1186.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: rgb(13.333330%, 13.333330%, 13.333330%);\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.umass.edu\/sociol\/faculty_staff\/bios\/dtomaskovicdevey.html\">Donald Tomaskovic-Devey<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/criminology.fsu.edu\/faculty-and-staff\/college-faculty\/patricia-warren\/\">Patricia Warren<\/a>. 2009. &#8220;<\/span><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ctx.sagepub.com\/content\/8\/2\/34.full.pdf+html\">Explaining and Eliminating Racial Profiling.<\/a>&#8221;\u00a0<em>Contexts.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-style: italic; color: rgb(13.333330%, 13.333330%, 13.333330%);\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>If you are interested in learning about your own implicit biases you can take the <a href=\"https:\/\/implicit.harvard.edu\/implicit\/\">Implicit Association Test (IAT) at Project Implicit<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Recent shootings in Missouri, Utah, and South Carolina keep us asking how racial bias affects the use of deadly force by the police. How and why\u00a0does differential treatment by race continue to persist in law enforcement? Part of the answer has to do with the culture and history of policing (see our pervious post Reflecting [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2007,"featured_media":593,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124,13,14],"tags":[38547,470,38541,321,38542,37],"class_list":["post-423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-crime","category-inequality","category-race","tag-crime","tag-discrimination","tag-inequality","tag-law","tag-race","tag-social-psychology"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2014\/09\/5645621541_e7a3f323c9_z.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/423","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2007"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=423"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/423\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":592,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/423\/revisions\/592"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/593"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=423"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=423"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=423"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}