{"id":3241,"date":"2021-10-25T08:48:19","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T13:48:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=3241"},"modified":"2021-10-25T09:02:14","modified_gmt":"2021-10-25T14:02:14","slug":"should-caring-for-kids-be-a-social-responsibility","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2021\/10\/25\/should-caring-for-kids-be-a-social-responsibility\/","title":{"rendered":"Should Caring for Kids Be a Social Responsibility?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2021\/10\/49953604551_154cdbe050_o-scaled.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-0\" data-rl_title=\"\" data-rl_caption=\"\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2021\/10\/49953604551_154cdbe050_o-600x401.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3242\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2021\/10\/49953604551_154cdbe050_o-600x401.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2021\/10\/49953604551_154cdbe050_o-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2021\/10\/49953604551_154cdbe050_o-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2021\/10\/49953604551_154cdbe050_o-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2021\/10\/49953604551_154cdbe050_o-2048x1367.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><em>Image: A little white girl sits on an adult&#8217;s lap in front of a laptop, her small hands covering the adults as they use the computer. Image courtesy of <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/nenadstojkovic\/\">Nenad Stojkovic<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\"> CC BY 2.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Democrats in Congress continue toward passing sweeping infrastructure legislation. Part of the infrastructure packages would provide funding for childcare including universal pre-K for three and four-year-olds, aid for working families to pay for the costs of daycare, and paid family leave. Social science research helps place this current debate in perspective, connecting it to larger conversations about who is responsible for paying the costs of raising kids, the consequences for families of the private responsibility for childcare, and what international comparison can show us about alternatives.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Part of the question concerns whether we should think of raising children as a social, rather than individual, responsibility. Public investments in childcare, whether through public assistance to cover the cost of childcare or a public system of universal childcare, are one way that countries communicate who is responsible for reproductive labor: the work of having and caring for children. In the United States, this is often thought of as the responsibility of individual families and, historically, mothers. Feminist scholars, in particular, have critiqued the individualization of responsibility for raising children, emphasizing that the work of having and raising children benefits society across the board. Having kids creates the next generation of workers and tax-payers, carrying on both practical and cultural legacies. Scholars argue that because we all benefit from the work of reproducing the population we should all share its costs and responsibilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Barbara Laslett and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johanna_Brenner\">Johanna Brenner<\/a>. 1989. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.so.15.080189.002121\">Gender and Social Reproduction: Historical Perspectives.<\/a>\u201d <em>Annual Review of Sociology<\/em> 15(1):381\u2013404. doi:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.so.15.080189.002121\">&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary-wiley-com.ezp2.lib.umn.edu\/action\/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Daly%2C+Mary\">Mary Daly<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary-wiley-com.ezp2.lib.umn.edu\/action\/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Lewis%2C+Jane\">Jane Lewis<\/a>. 2000. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-4446.2000.00281.x\">The Concept of Social Care and the Analysis of Contemporary Welfare States.<\/a>\u201d <em>British Journal of Sociology<\/em> 51(2):281\u201398.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/as.nyu.edu\/content\/nyu-as\/as\/faculty\/paula-england.html\">Paula England <\/a>and <a href=\"https:\/\/peri.umass.edu\/economists\/nancy-folbre\">Nancy Folbre.<\/a> 1999. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1048948\">Who Should Pay for the Kids?<\/a>\u201d <em>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science<\/em> 563:194\u2013207.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Other wealthy Western nations handle childcare differently. For instance, in Sweden there is subsidized childcare available for all children that is considered high quality and is widely utilized. In Germany, there is greater availability of well-paying part-time jobs that can enable two-parent households to better balance the responsibilities of work with the demands of raising kids. In the United States, there is now virtually no public support for childcare. Parents are left to their own devices to figure out how to cover the time before the start of public school at age five as well as childcare for before or after school, and during school vacations. The U.S. is not alone in expecting families to provide childcare, for instance, Italy has a culture of \u201cfamilialism\u201d that expects extended family and, in particular, grandparents to provide free childcare for working families. However, as Caitlyn Collins writes, the combination of little support for families, and cultural expectations that workers are fully devoted to their jobs, makes raising a child particularly challenging in America.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/caitlyncollins.com\/\">Caitlyn Collins. <\/a>2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/hardcover\/9780691178851\/making-motherhood-work\"><em>Making Motherhood Work: How Women Manage Careers and Caregiving<\/em>.<\/a> Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wzb.eu\/en\/persons\/chiara-saraceno\">Chiara Saraceno.<\/a> 2011. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011392110385971\">Childcare Needs and Childcare Policies: A Multidimensional Issue.<\/a>\u201d <em>Current Sociology<\/em> 59(1):78\u201396.&nbsp;<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.ezp2.lib.umn.edu\/author\/Pfau-Effinger%2C+Birgit\">Birgit Pfau-Effinger<\/a> &nbsp;2005. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14616690500083592.\">Welfare State Policies and the Development of Care Arrangements<\/a>.\u201d <em>European Societies<\/em> 7(2):321\u201347.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two important consequences to the lack of public support for childcare in the United States. The first is economic. Mothers experience a \u201cmotherhood penalty\u201d in overall lifetime wages when they exit the labor force to provide childcare, or they may be placed on on \u201cmommy tracks\u201d in their professions, with lower-paying and less prestigious jobs that can better accommodate their caring responsibilities. Scholarship shows much smaller motherhood penalties in countries with more cultural and institutional support for childcare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/sociology.utoronto.ca\/faculty-and-staff\/irene-boeckmann\/\">Irene Boeckmann,<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.umass.edu\/sociology\/users\/misra\">Joya Misra<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.umass.edu\/sociology\/users\/budig\">Michelle J. Budig.<\/a> 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sf\/sou119\">\u201cCultural and Institutional Factors Shaping Mothers\u2019 Employment and Working Hours in Postindustrial Countries.<\/a>\u201d <em>Social Forces<\/em> 93(4):1301\u201333.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.nl\/citations?user=gxeQKwkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\">Joanne S. Muller<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicole-hiekel.com\/\">Nicole Hiekel<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=mui-7rAAAAAJ&amp;hl=de\">Aart C. Liefbroer.<\/a> 2020. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13524-020-00874-8\">The Long-Term Costs of Family Trajectories: Women\u2019s Later-Life Employment and Earnings Across Europe<\/a>.\u201d <em>Demography<\/em> 57(3):1007\u201334.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Michelle J. Budig, Joya Misra, and Irene Boeckmann. 2012. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sp\/jxs006\">The Motherhood Penalty in Cross-National Perspective: The Importance of WorkFamily Policies and Cultural Attitudes<\/a>.\u201d <em>Social Politics<\/em> 19(2):163\u201393.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de\/46140295\/Prof__Dr__Markus_Gangl\">Markus Gangl<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de\/47266670\/Dr__Andrea_Ziefle\">Andrea Ziefle<\/a>. 2009. \u201cMotherhood, Labor Force Behavior, and Women\u2019s Careers: An Empirical Assessment of the Wage Penalty for Motherhood in Britain, Germany, and the United States.\u201d <em>Demography<\/em> 46(2):341\u201369.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A second consequence of little support for caring responsibilities is emotional. As Caitlyn Collins writes, mothers in many nations feel guilt and struggle to balance the responsibility to care for their children and their jobs. However, in the United States this guilt and emotional burden is particularly acute because mothers are left almost totally on their own to bear both the practical and moral responsibility for raising children. The guilt parents feel, as well as the stress of balancing childcare responsibilities and full-time work, may be one reason that there is a larger \u201chappiness gap&#8221; between parents and non-parents in the United States when compared to other wealthy nations that provide better public support for raising children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgsu.edu\/arts-and-sciences\/center-for-family-demographic-research\/about-cfdr\/research-affiliates\/kei-nomaguchi.html\">Kei Nomaguchi<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.utm.utoronto.ca\/sociology\/people\/melissa-milkie\">Melissa A. Milkie<\/a>. 2020. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jomf.12646\">Parenthood and Well-Being: A Decade in Review.<\/a>\u201d <em>Journal of Marriage and Family<\/em> 82(1):198\u2013223.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/liberalarts.utexas.edu\/sociology\/faculty\/jg47972\">Jennifer Glass,<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sociology.wfu.edu\/people\/faculty\/robin-w-simon\">Robin W. Simon,<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.baylor.edu\/sociology\/index.php?id=953119\">Matthew A. Andersson<\/a>. 2016. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/688892\">Parenthood and Happiness: Effects of Work-Family Reconciliation Policies in 22 OECD Countries<\/a>.\u201d <em>AJS; American Journal of Sociology<\/em> 122(3):886\u2013929.&nbsp;<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.it\/citations?user=Y3mB0zUAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\">Arnstein Aassve<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=PUlRJy0AAAAJ&amp;hl=en\">Letizia Mencarini,<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/iris.ucl.ac.uk\/iris\/browse\/profile?upi=MSIRO07\">Maria Sironi.<\/a> 2015. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/esr\/jcv073\">Institutional Change, Happiness, and Fertility.<\/a>\u201d <em>European Sociological Review<\/em> 31(6):749\u201365. doi:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/esr\/jcv073\"> 10.1093\/esr\/jcv073<\/a>.Caitlyn Collins. 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11133-020-09451-2\">\u201cIs Maternal Guilt a Cross-National Experience?<\/a>\u201d <em>Qualitative Sociology<\/em> 44(1):1\u201329.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The pandemic has brought a number of social realities into stark relief, including the fact that individual families have to navigate childcare on their own, never clearer than when school closings kept kids at home. As we imagine a post-pandemic future and the potential to \u201cbuild back better,\u201d we should consider what social research tells us about who should be responsible for caring for kids, the weight of that responsibility, and how public policy changes might provide better care for the nation\u2019s youngest citizens.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Democrats in Congress continue toward passing sweeping infrastructure legislation. Part of the infrastructure packages would provide funding for childcare including universal pre-K for three and four-year-olds, aid for working families to pay for the costs of daycare, and paid family leave. Social science research helps place this current debate in perspective, connecting it to larger [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2106,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,55,33,13,85],"tags":[13676,96968,135970,76,135968,4091],"class_list":["post-3241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture","category-gender","category-health","category-inequality","category-politics","tag-childcare","tag-paid-family-leave","tag-reproductive-labor","tag-work","tag-work-family-conflict","tag-working-mothers"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3241","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2106"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3241"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3241\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3246,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3241\/revisions\/3246"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3241"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3241"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}