{"id":2406,"date":"2019-02-20T08:00:42","date_gmt":"2019-02-20T14:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=2406"},"modified":"2019-02-15T12:34:53","modified_gmt":"2019-02-15T18:34:53","slug":"intersectionality-and-its-roots","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2019\/02\/20\/intersectionality-and-its-roots\/","title":{"rendered":"Intersectionality and its Roots"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2410\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2410\" style=\"width: 270px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Feminism_without_intersectionality_is_just_white_supremacy.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-0\" data-rl_title=\"\" data-rl_caption=\"\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2410\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2019\/02\/b-459x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"270\" height=\"353\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2019\/02\/b-459x600.jpg 459w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2019\/02\/b-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2019\/02\/b.jpg 574w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2410\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;Feminism without intersectionality is just white supremacy,&#8221; by Ian Spence, Wikimedia Commons CC.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIntersectionality\u201d &#8212; a concept used to help understand the complexity of the social identities, institutions, and experiences &#8212; is moving from a buzzword in scholarly and activist communities to more popular mainstream use. The concept refers to an understanding that our lives are always shaped by many factors, like the economy, racism, sexism, family dynamics, education, and our social support systems. For Black History Month, we take a closer look at the women of color who helped bring this term to our everyday language. <\/span><\/p>\n<h5>In the United States, intersectional work among Black feminists arose out of the need to recognize the experiences of Black women as <i>multiply marginalized. <\/i>Black women faced oppression along the lines of <i>both <\/i>gender and race. For instance, Black feminists faced exclusion and oppression from both antiracist movements that fought for justice primarily for Black men, as well as feminist movements that centered white women\u2019s experiences of patriarchy. Out of this exclusion came work like <i>The Black Woman,<\/i> edited by Toni Cade Bambara, demonstrating that Black women would never gain freedom without attention to their marginalization along the lines of gender, race,\u00a0and class. Work by Black Lesbian feminists like Audrey Lorde and Barbara Smith also highlighted the ways (hetero)sexuality served as axis of marginalization for LGBTQ+ persons.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patricia_Hill_Collins\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patricia Hill Collins<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2000. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Black-Feminist-Thought-Consciousness-Empowerment\/dp\/0415964725\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Routledge.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angela_Davis\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Angela Davis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1983. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.penguinrandomhouse.com\/books\/37354\/women-race-and-class-by-angela-y-davis\/9780394713519\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women, Race &amp; Class<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Vintage Books.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combahee River Collective. 1986. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/combaheerivercollective.weebly.com\/the-combahee-river-collective-statement.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combahee River Collective Statement<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bell_hooks\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bell hooks<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.1981. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Ain_t_I_a_Woman.html?id=661HbEO5bewC\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ain\u2019t I A Woman: Black Women and Feminism<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. South End Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audre_Lorde\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Audrey Lorde<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1984. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Sister-Outsider-Speeches-Crossing-Feminist\/dp\/1580911862\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sister Outsider<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barbara_Smith\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Barbara Smith<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1978. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/20709102.pdf?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Toward a Black Feminist Criticism<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Radical Teacher<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 7: 20-27.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>However, Black women were not the only women of color actively pushing for intersectional analyses at this time. Chicana and Indigenous feminists were also leading their own distinct social movements, in addition to entering alliances with Black feminists. Much of this work gives voice to women of color, highlighting intersecting oppressions and differences within women of color as an oppressed group. For example, Anzald\u00faa\u2019s work focuses on intersectionality at the borders. She writes about the physical U.S.-Mexico border in Texas, as well as the symbolic borders she experiences as a part of Mexican, Indigenous, and white worlds.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gloria_E._Anzald%C3%BAa\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gloria Anzald\u00faa<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1987. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Borderlands-Frontera-Mestiza-Gloria-Anzald%C3%BAa\/dp\/1879960850\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Borderlands\/La Frontera: The New Mestiza<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Aunt Lute Books.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cherriemoraga.com\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cherr\u00ede Moraga<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gloria_E._Anzald%C3%BAa\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gloria Anzald\u00faa<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1983. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sunypress.edu\/p-6102-this-bridge-called-my-back-four.aspx\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Many attribute the coining of the term, intersectionality, to Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw. However, Crenshaw herself denies credit, noting that women of color feminists have been doing intersectional academic work and activism informed by intersectionality long before universities and other institutions recognized its importance. In fact, Patricia Hill Collins and Sirma Bilge liken the story of intersectionality\u2019s \u201ccoining\u201d to colonizers\u2019 \u201cdiscoveries\u201d and naming of lands that had been inhabited by indigenous peoples for years.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.columbia.edu\/faculty\/kimberle-crenshaw\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1991. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1229039?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stanford Law Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 43(6): 1241\u20131299.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patricia_Hill_Collins\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patricia Hill Collins<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/socio.umontreal.ca\/repertoire-departement\/vue\/bilge-sirma\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sirma Bilge<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2016. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Intersectionality-Concepts-Patricia-Hill-Collins\/dp\/0745684491\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Intersectionality<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Polity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is important to remember that concepts like intersectionality are rarely created alone. Instead, they are collaborative efforts with histories and contexts that are vital to understanding the concept itself. As we celebrate Black History Month, let\u2019s also remember that there is no single axis of Black history. Black history is intersectional. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cIntersectionality\u201d &#8212; a concept used to help understand the complexity of the social identities, institutions, and experiences &#8212; is moving from a buzzword in scholarly and activist communities to more popular mainstream use. The concept refers to an understanding that our lives are always shaped by many factors, like the economy, racism, sexism, family dynamics, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[55,13,14],"tags":[46,96134,29,123,38545,38541,22476,778,3041,115519,868,38542,176,12331,727,45,21920],"class_list":["post-2406","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gender","category-inequality","category-race","tag-activism","tag-black-history-month","tag-class","tag-ethnicity","tag-gender","tag-inequality","tag-intersectional","tag-intersectionality","tag-marginalization","tag-multiply-marginalized","tag-power","tag-race","tag-sexuality","tag-social-activism","tag-social-class","tag-social-movements","tag-women-of-color"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2406","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2406"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2406\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2418,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2406\/revisions\/2418"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2406"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2406"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2406"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}