{"id":2320,"date":"2018-12-12T08:00:25","date_gmt":"2018-12-12T14:00:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=2320"},"modified":"2018-12-11T15:22:28","modified_gmt":"2018-12-11T21:22:28","slug":"greener-grass-fewer-crimes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2018\/12\/12\/greener-grass-fewer-crimes\/","title":{"rendered":"Greener Grass, Fewer Crimes?"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2325\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2325\" style=\"width: 532px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/taavirandmaa\/41500417575\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2325\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/12\/41500417575_d621e93a06_z-600x451.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"532\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/12\/41500417575_d621e93a06_z-600x451.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/12\/41500417575_d621e93a06_z-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/12\/41500417575_d621e93a06_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 532px) 100vw, 532px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2325\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo of people laying on grass near a pond. Photo by Taavi Randmaa, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Green areas are widely recognized as an indicator of development and social wellbeing, but the relationship between nature and crimes is only beginning to come into view. \u00a0How might natural spaces reduce crime rates?<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Economic Development<\/h3>\n<h5>Green space interventions enhance the visual appearance of an area and motivate movement and participation, which can increase economic development. Also, by raising property values, green spaces foster economic stability and access to credit. Both economic development and real wealth transfer bring work opportunities and financial power to residents, which in turn could reduce criminal activities. One caution about green criminology, however, is that, genuine improvements in built environments may not favor current residents. Instead, existing residents may be displaced by new neighbors arriving in response to attractive urban conditions.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/are.berkeley.edu\/users\/marco-gonzalez-navarro\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marco Gonzalez-Navarro<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/business-school.exeter.ac.uk\/about\/people\/profile\/index.php?web_id=Climent_Quintana\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Climent Quintana-Domeque<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2016. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/10.1162\/REST_a_00553\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paving Streets for the Poor: Experimental Analysis of Infrastructure Effects<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Review of Economics and Statistics<\/span><\/i> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">98<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(2): 254-267.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/crim.sas.upenn.edu\/people\/john-macdonald\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John MacDonald<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2015. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/abs\/10.1086\/681558?journalCode=cj\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Community Design and Crime: The Impact of Housing and the Built Environment<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crime and Justice<\/span><\/i> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">44<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1): 333-383.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Social Gathering<\/h3>\n<h5>Green areas can also provide physical or symbolic cues of care and attention that discourage criminal behavior. By promoting the use of outdoor spaces, built environments become places of social gathering. Green areas thus become organized places of surveillance, which discourages incivilities and criminal behavior. \u00a0They also replace vacant lots and abandoned sites, which constitute attractive places for illegal activities such as prostitution, drug sales and use, or weapons offenses.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wagner.nyu.edu\/community\/faculty\/ingrid-gould-ellen\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ingrid Gould Ellen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathematica-mpr.com\/our-people\/staff\/johanna-lacoe\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Johanna Lacoe<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.urban.org\/author\/claudia-ayanna-sharygin\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Claudia Ayanna Sharygin<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2013. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0094119012000617\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do Foreclosures Cause Crime?<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Urban Economics<\/span><\/i> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">74<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: 59-70.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nres.illinois.edu\/directory\/fekuo\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frances E. Kuo<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/landarch.illinois.edu\/faculty-member\/william-sullivan\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">William C. Sullivan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2001. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0013916501333002?journalCode=eaba\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environment and Crime in the Inner City: Does Vegetation Reduce Crime?<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environment and Behavior<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a033<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3):\u00a0343-367.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Well-Being<\/h3>\n<h5>Better amenities can also improve residents\u2019 well-being and thus decrease precursors of violence. Built environments may favor conditions that enhance the pleasantness of pedestrian environments, the convenience of walking for travel or recreation, and environmental safety. Some argue that vegetation promotes better cognitive performance, produces positive emotions and fosters environmental consciousness.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cancercontrol.cancer.gov\/od\/srinivasan.html\">Shobha Srinivasan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/scientific-contributions\/38481126_Liam_R_OFallon\">Liam R. O\u2019Fallon<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/scientific-contributions\/2055530857_Allen_Dearry\">Allen Dearry<\/a>. 2003. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12948961\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Creating Healthy Communities, Healthy Homes, Healthy People: Initiating a Research Agenda on the Built Environment and Public Health<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Journal of Public Health<\/span><\/i> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">93<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(9): 1446-1450.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/sampson\/home\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Robert J. Sampson<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> .2003. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/sampson\/files\/2003_perspectives.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Neighborhood Context of Well-Being<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perspectives in Biology and Medicine<\/span><\/i> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">46<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3): S53-S64.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Guardianship<\/h3>\n<h5>Habitable spaces and better amenities also shape and enhance the relationships and social initiatives from community members. Green areas provide sites for social gatherings, and facilitate social interaction. Cohesive communities mobilize resources to tackle the underlying social causes of crime, or to encourage commerce and employment opportunities. Connected with surveillance, social cohesion makes residents more willing to step in and directly address criminal behavior, thus improving surveillance and oversight. Cohesive communities also foster well-being among residents and generate better health outcomes by social processes like promoting outdoor activities, participating in organizations, and creating networks of support.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.patricksharkey.net\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patrick Sharkey<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gerardtorratsespinosa.com\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gerard Torrats-Espinosa<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/as.nyu.edu\/content\/nyu-as\/as\/departments\/sociology\/people\/current-phd-students\/takyar-delaram.html\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Delaram Takyar<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2017. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0003122417736289\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Community and the Crime Decline: The Causal Effect of Local Nonprofits on Violent Crime<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Sociological Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 82(6): 1214-1240.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/lsa.umich.edu\/soc\/people\/faculty\/morenoff.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jeffrey D. Morenoff<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/sampson\/home\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Robert J. Sampson<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/home.uchicago.edu\/sraudenb\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stephen W. Raudenbush<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2001.&#8221;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00932.x\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.&#8221;\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Criminology<\/span><\/i> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">39<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3): 517-558.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Situational Crime Prevention<\/h3>\n<h5>Green areas can also influence behavioral outcomes by eliminating, blocking or restraining access to crime targets and by removing the target itself. \u00a0They can be designed to minimize the number of entry and exit points and control pedestrian or vehicular access. Therefore, their physical design and layout features can alter criminal routines and targets. Green areas offer physical barriers that effectively obstruct opportunities for crime and modify both the attractiveness of targets and the motivation of potential-offenders.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/research.curtin.edu.au\/supervisor\/dr-paul-cozens\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paul Cozens<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/terencelove\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Terence Love<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2015. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0885412215595440?journalCode=jplb\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Review and Current Status of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Planning Literature<\/span><\/i> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">30<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(4): 393-412.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newark.rutgers.edu\/about-us\/have-you-met-rutgers-newark\/ronald-v-clarke\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ronald V. Clarke<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> .2005. &#8220;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledgehandbooks.com\/doi\/10.4324\/9781843926146.ch3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seven Misconceptions of Situational Crime Prevention<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.&#8221; Pp. 34-70 in\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 Routledge.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since investment in green areas can impact more people for longer periods of time than individual or lifestyle interventions, creating green places may provide a greater pay-off than traditional individual approaches to reducing crime. This is especially important for lower income communities, where residents may lack individual economic or social resources to encounter crime individually. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Green areas are widely recognized as an indicator of development and social wellbeing, but the relationship between nature and crimes is only beginning to come into view. \u00a0How might natural spaces reduce crime rates? Economic Development Green space interventions enhance the visual appearance of an area and motivate movement and participation, which can increase economic [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124,15,33,13,85],"tags":[38547,18899,38543,18824,36,65,18486,110515,38544,1142,38541,16858,38546,119,26440,455,27102],"class_list":["post-2320","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-crime","category-culture","category-health","category-inequality","category-politics","tag-crime","tag-crime-prevention","tag-culture","tag-economic-inequality","tag-economics","tag-environment","tag-gentrification","tag-green-criminology","tag-health","tag-housing","tag-inequality","tag-neighborhood","tag-politics","tag-poverty","tag-property","tag-punishment","tag-well-being"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2320","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2320"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2320\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2326,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2320\/revisions\/2326"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2320"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2320"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2320"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}