{"id":2305,"date":"2018-12-04T08:00:15","date_gmt":"2018-12-04T14:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=2305"},"modified":"2018-12-03T21:14:25","modified_gmt":"2018-12-04T03:14:25","slug":"distant-war-and-selective-empathy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2018\/12\/04\/distant-war-and-selective-empathy\/","title":{"rendered":"Distant War and Selective Empathy"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2308\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2308\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/mustafakhayat\/11874138685\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2308\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/12\/11874138685_52bab6fe6f_z-600x400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/12\/11874138685_52bab6fe6f_z-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/12\/11874138685_52bab6fe6f_z-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/12\/11874138685_52bab6fe6f_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2308\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo of two children standing between white tents in a refugee camp. Photo by Mustafa Khayat, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The murder of journalist <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2018\/10\/20\/key-questions-saudi-arabia-hasnt-answered-about-killing-jamal-khashoggi\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jamal Khashoggi<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sparked criticism of Saudi Arabia across the globe. But a recent <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/10\/17\/world\/middleeast\/jamal-khashoggi-saudi-arabia.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New York Times<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> article brings forward a striking paradox \u2013 this single incident has drawn far more outrage than Saudi Arabia\u2019s large-scale intervention in Yemen. Over the past three years, thousands of civilians have been killed, half of Yemen\u2019s population is at <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-45964795\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">risk of famine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and over 20 million people need humanitarian aid. This conflict is largely caused by Saudi Arabia\u2019s intervention, like <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/world\/2016\/10\/14\/13269580\/us-bombing-yemen-houthis\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">attacks<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on civilian infrastructure and continual deadly <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-yemen-security-saudi-children\/saudi-arabia-admits-coalition-mistakes-in-targeting-in-yemen-idUSKCN1MB3O4\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">air strikes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These factors caused the United Nations to label the violence in Yemen as 2018\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2018\/04\/03\/middleeast\/yemen-worlds-worst-humanitarian-crisis-un-intl\/index.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">worst humanitarian crisis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Yet in the United States, this conflict has received only limited attention. Research can help to explain the lack of coverage of this crisis and why distant conflict may result in selective empathy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>Depictions of violence play an important role in understanding distant conflict. Places with a history of violence, like Afghanistan or Syria, become linked with this conflict \u2013 violence may become understood as timeless or inevitable. Individuals in conflict zones are then minimized into stereotypes, like tribal savages or helpless, incapable victims.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/esses.socialpsychology.org\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Victoria M. Esses<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Scott_Veenvliet\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scott Veenvliet<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/brocku.ca\/psychology\/people\/hodson.htm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gordon Hodson<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Ljiljana_Mihic\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ljiljana Mihic<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2008. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11211-007-0058-4\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Justice, Morality, and the Dehumanization of Refugees<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Social Justice Research <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">21(1): 4-25. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/search-proquest-com.ezp2.lib.umn.edu\/socabs\/indexinglinkhandler\/sng\/au\/Tuastad,+Dag\/$N?accountid=14586\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dag Tuastad<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2003. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3993426\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neo-Orientalism and the New Barbarism Thesis: Aspects of Symbolic Violence in the Middle East Conflict(s)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Third World Quarterly<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 24(4): 591-599.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.law.buffalo.edu\/faculty\/facultyDirectory\/MutuaMakau.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Makau W. Mutua<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2001. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1525547\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Savages, Victims, and Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harvard International Law Journal <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">42(1): 201-45.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Aid campaigns can unintentionally reinforce these depictions. While campaigns that feature starving children or crying mothers are often well-intentioned, they can reinforce dehumanizing depictions by characterizing groups only through their suffering. In such campaigns, civilians caught up in conflict are \u00a0displayed as objects of pity, rather than people with rich lives that were devastated by violence. And more concerning, real suffering can be reduced to a tool to remind viewers of their own luck or deserving.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Andrea_Lobb\">Andrea Lobb<\/a>. 2017. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/LOBCE\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Critical Empathy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constellations<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a024(4): 594-607. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kent.ac.uk\/sspssr\/staff\/academic\/n-r\/pedwell-carolyn.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carolyn Pedwell<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2012. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1464700112442644?journalCode=ftya\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Affective (Self-) Transformations: Empathy, Neoliberalism, and International Development<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feminist Theory<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 13(2): 163-179. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>While we understand our own lives as complex, our conceptualizations of others are often less vivid &#8211; such comparisons tone how we understand ourselves and those around us. This contrast can result in stereotypical depictions of groups we see as distant from ourselves. For example, Edward Said argued that influential Western texts about Africa and Asia exoticized these places and the people that lived there. These simplifications become particularly problematic during times of violence because those experiencing conflict in far-away spaces may be understood as less complex and, therefore, less deserving of empathy.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iep.utm.edu\/mead\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">George H. Mead<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1934.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Mind_Self_and_Society.html?id=q08YAAAAIAAJ\"> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mind, Self, and Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The University of Chicago Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.edwardsaid.org\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Edward Said<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1978. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Orientalism-Edward-W-Said\/dp\/039474067X\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Orientalism<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pantheon Books.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cultural and physical distance of international conflict can affect empathy, one reason that front-page coverage of Yemen has been limited. However, those seeking a deeper understanding of conflict can challenge these depictions by informing themselves about the history and day-to-day reality of violence and those who experience it. Doing so has the potential to counter these simplified tropes about conflict across the globe. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi sparked criticism of Saudi Arabia across the globe. But a recent New York Times article brings forward a striking paradox \u2013 this single incident has drawn far more outrage than Saudi Arabia\u2019s large-scale intervention in Yemen. Over the past three years, thousands of civilians have been killed, half of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124,15,13,85,14],"tags":[2513,38547,38543,1452,1075,100891,110501,38541,110461,321,110502,27056,38546,38542,407,317],"class_list":["post-2305","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-crime","category-culture","category-inequality","category-politics","category-race","tag-conflict","tag-crime","tag-culture","tag-empathy","tag-genocide","tag-humanitarian-aid","tag-humanitarian-crisis","tag-inequality","tag-international-aid","tag-law","tag-mass-conflict","tag-mass-violence","tag-politics","tag-race","tag-stereotypes","tag-war"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2305","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2305"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2305\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2310,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2305\/revisions\/2310"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2305"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2305"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2305"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}