{"id":2289,"date":"2018-11-21T08:00:30","date_gmt":"2018-11-21T14:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=2289"},"modified":"2018-11-19T18:10:09","modified_gmt":"2018-11-20T00:10:09","slug":"race-and-affirmative-action-in-brazil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2018\/11\/21\/race-and-affirmative-action-in-brazil\/","title":{"rendered":"Race and Affirmative Action in Brazil"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2293\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2293\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ctbbrasil\/4167773813\/in\/photolist-7mhVXc-aJzba2-7mhUEX-7mhVuZ-7mmNRE-7mmPQj-aJz7xe-8VsFeW-aJzqZx-XeDT9C-aJz2UP-7mhUcR-5Dn5Z9-aJz25R-7mmPSy-pNQZmz-5Dn3ZL-7mhViF-5DhNx4-aPfAfr-BdiSAW-aPfLGz-7mmP9y-7mmQ7W-7mhUQ8-7mhTAv-5DhKi4-7mhTJ8-XihyEa-WLpoxE-7mmQ2W-W57M8v-X3w6VN-7mmP5C-7mhU8K-7mmPe9-W2BdJo-7mmNay-7mmNYo-7mhUxR-BCD4bk-Bcq2or-7mmQeJ-BiMT7h-BHBWL3-BcqaDz-Bcqmm6-BiMV6s-Bcq32k-BKW2ov\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2293\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/11\/4167773813_03fb2b21d4_o-600x400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/11\/4167773813_03fb2b21d4_o.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/11\/4167773813_03fb2b21d4_o-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2293\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo of a march for Dia Consci\u00eancia Negra in S\u00e3o Paulo. Photo by Central dos Trabalhadores e Trabalhadoras do Brasil CTB, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Historically, Brazil had presented itself as a \u201cracial democracy\u201d where interaction between racial groups formed a utopian, raceless society. In the last few decades, Brazil has come to acknowledge its underlying racism and resulting disparities, leading to the 2001 enactment of race-based <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2017\/04\/05\/brazils-new-problem-with-blackness-affirmative-action\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">affirmative action<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> projects. Social scientific research can help us better understand the functions and necessity of these programs, which are likely to be under threat following the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2018\/10\/29\/18037728\/bolsonaro-brazil-election-guide\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">election<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of right-wing candidate Jair Bolsonaro who has been <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-brazil-politics-bolsonaro-factbox\/factbox-far-right-brazilian-candidate-thrives-on-controversy-idUSKCN1II2T3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">openly critical of Blacks and the LGBT community and the policies that serve them<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>In Brazil, skin color has been the defining mechanism for racial categorization and identity in between a black and white binary. Some official methods, however, including the Brazilian Census, recognize multiracial identity and a number of racial categories. Multiple methods of classification can be tricky, and this can obscure deeper and more basic racial inequalities. Though <i>pardos<\/i> (a mixed-race category used in the census) can face similar social situations as dark-skinned Blacks (sometimes referred to as <i>pretos)<\/i>, recent research finds that <i>pardos\u00a0<\/i>actually do experience less disadvantage than <i>pretos<\/i>, complicating decisions about who receives help from affirmative action programs.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.faculty.uci.edu\/profile.cfm?faculty_id=5101\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stanley R. Bailey<\/span><\/a>.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2009. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1086\/592859?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unmixing for Race Making in Brazil<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Journal of Sociology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 114(3): 577-614. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sociology.berkeley.edu\/faculty\/mara-loveman\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mara Loveman,<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ufmg.academia.edu\/JeronimoMuniz\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jeronimo O. Muniz<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.faculty.uci.edu\/profile.cfm?faculty_id=5101\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stanley R. Bailey<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2012. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01419870.2011.607503\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brazil in Black and White? Race Categories, the Census, and the Study of Inequality<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ethnic and Racial Studies<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 35(8): 1466-1483.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Given this complexity, determining who is Black and a possible beneficiary of the racial quota program has differed. Some universities have required applicants to be of African descent to qualify for racial quotas, which has caused complications since many Brazilians could claim African ancestry even though they may have light skin or are not seen as \u201cBlack.\u201d In other cases, verification committees at different universities confirm whether an applicant should be considered Black and a beneficiary of the racial quota system. The quota program has now significantly broadened to include applicants from low-income families as well as Indigenous peoples. Independent of skin color or racial group, support for affirmative action programs and race-targeted public policies is strong. Research suggests, however, that the more education someone has, the less likely they are to support racial quotas. It is important to consider what factors affect support and execution of these policies as opponents such as President-elect Bolsonaro attempt to dismantle it.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.faculty.uci.edu\/profile.cfm?faculty_id=5101\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stanley R. Bailey<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/polisci.ucla.edu\/content\/fabricio-fialho\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fabr\u00edcio Fialho<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.uccnrs.ucsb.edu\/people\/michelle-peria\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Michelle Peria<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2015. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1468796814567787?journalCode=etna\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Support for Race-Targeted Affirmative Action in Brazil<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ethnicities <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1-34.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.soc.ucsb.edu\/faculty\/edward-telles\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Edward Telles<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2014. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uncpress.org\/book\/9781469617831\/pigmentocracies\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, Race, and Color in Latin America<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The University of North Carolina Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Historically, Brazil had presented itself as a \u201cracial democracy\u201d where interaction between racial groups formed a utopian, raceless society. In the last few decades, Brazil has come to acknowledge its underlying racism and resulting disparities, leading to the 2001 enactment of race-based affirmative action projects. Social scientific research can help us better understand the functions [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,13,85,14],"tags":[83,219,38543,470,34,123,38541,110489,1123,38546,38542,110488,37569,3355,82],"class_list":["post-2289","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture","category-inequality","category-politics","category-race","tag-affirmative-action","tag-brazil","tag-culture","tag-discrimination","tag-education","tag-ethnicity","tag-inequality","tag-jair-bolsonaro","tag-multiracial","tag-politics","tag-race","tag-racial-categories","tag-racial-identity","tag-racialization","tag-racism"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2289","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2289"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2289\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2294,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2289\/revisions\/2294"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2289"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2289"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2289"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}