{"id":2223,"date":"2019-01-07T08:00:39","date_gmt":"2019-01-07T14:00:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=2223"},"modified":"2019-01-06T12:12:48","modified_gmt":"2019-01-06T18:12:48","slug":"settler-colonialism-and-minnesotas-wall-of-forgotten-natives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2019\/01\/07\/settler-colonialism-and-minnesotas-wall-of-forgotten-natives\/","title":{"rendered":"Best of 2018: Settler Colonialism and Minnesota\u2019s \u201cWall of Forgotten Natives\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2226\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2226\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/fibonacciblue\/4651819316\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2226\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/10\/4651819316_e6775f2bb8_z-600x338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/10\/4651819316_e6775f2bb8_z-600x338.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/10\/4651819316_e6775f2bb8_z-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/10\/4651819316_e6775f2bb8_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2226\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protest calling to remove Fort Snelling in Minnesota. Photo by Fibonacci Blue, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>Originally posted October 9, 2018.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In recent months, a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/minnesota.cbslocal.com\/2018\/09\/12\/mpls-homeless-camp\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">homeless encampment of over 300 people<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8212; most of whom are American Indian &#8212; has formed along a highway noise wall in Minneapolis. The encampment has been self-proclaimed the \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.franklinhiawathacamp.org\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wall of Forgotten Natives<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d by residents and Indigenous activists who point out that much of Minneapolis is built on stolen Dakota land. Social and health service providers have mobilized around the encampment, and city officials have worked with community leaders to begin a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mprnews.org\/story\/2018\/09\/16\/minneapolis-mayor-jacob-frey-says-plans-progressing-address-homeless-encampment\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relocation of people at the encampment to more stable housing on Red Lake Nation land<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The wider context for the establishment of the camp, American Indian solidarity and resistance to disbanding the camp, as well as the government\u2019s response, all highlight the process of settler colonialism.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>In the United States, settler colonialism is defined as the control of land and its resources by white settlers who seek political power\/control in a new space (i.e. like \u201cregular\u201d colonialism) through both displacement and violence against Indigenous persons in order to eventually replace the Native population (i.e. unlike \u201cregular\u201d colonialism). Until recently, studies of Indigenous people have largely been absent from sociological research and some have referred to this as sociology\u2019s \u201ccomplicity in the elimination of the native.\u201d Scholars have begun to incorporate settler colonialism into research on the domination and dispossession of various racial and ethnic groups.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brown.edu\/academics\/sociology\/people\/michael-warren-murphy\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Michael Warren Murphy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2016. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0160597616664168\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No Beggars Among Them: Primitive Accumulation, Settler Colonialism, and the Dispossession of Narragansett Indian Land<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Humanity &amp; Society <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">42(1): 45-67.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/ethnicstudies.berkeley.edu\/people\/faculty-profile\/evelyn-nakano-glenn-1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evelyn Nakano Glenn<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2015. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.asanet.org\/settler-colonialism-structure-framework-comparative-studies-us-race-and-gender-formation\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Settler Colonialism as Structure: A Framework for Comparative Studies of U.S. Race and Gender Formation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociology of Race and Ethnicity<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 1(1): 54-74.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>In Minnesota, American Indians face the consequences of settler colonialism everyday: generational trauma from historical violence and boarding schools while at the same time, confronting a host of contemporary inequities in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/divs\/opi\/gov\/chsadmin\/community\/populations.html\">health<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/nation\/2013\/01\/22\/american-indian-gang-trial\/1854581\/\">exposure to violence <\/a>and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.startribune.com\/part-1-why-does-minnesota-have-so-many-american-indian-kids-in-foster-care\/389309792\/\">the foster care system<\/a> between Natives and non-Natives. At the national level, the U.S. government\u2019s urban relocation programs during the 1950s serve as further examples of settler colonial logic and contemporary homelessness among Minnesota\u2019s urban Natives today and their political response. While these policies encouraged Natives to move from what were economically deprived reservations to what was promised as training and employment in urban areas, they faced intense discrimination. By 1969, unemployment among urban Natives was nearly ten times the national average and Native incomes were less than half of the national poverty level.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Theodore D. Graves. 1974. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1525\/ae.1974.1.1.02a00040\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban Indian Personality and the \u201cCulture of Poverty<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Ethnologist<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 1(1): 65-86. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sociology.stanford.edu\/people\/c-matthew-snipp\">Matthew C. Snipp<\/a>. 1992. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1146\/annurev.so.18.080192.002031\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociological Perspectives on American Indians<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Annual Review of Sociology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 18: 351-371. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>After the U.S. government failed to assimilate Native people through relocation in the 1950s, their attempt to end the legal status of what it meant to be a \u201cfederally recognized tribe\u201d led to American Indian resistance across the United States and into the social movement fold of the 1960s and 1970s. Founded in 1968, the American Indian Movement was started in Minneapolis, and Minnesota is a historically important site of resistance to settler colonialism among Native peoples. American Indians continue to resist settler colonial practices and beliefs today. One example of this includes Indigenous protests against federally recognized holidays like Columbus Day and Thanksgiving, which are embedded in settler colonial stories of the past that \u201cwhitewash\u201d events and stereotype Indigenous people. Other acts of resistance include ceremonies acknowledging genocide and other violent acts by the U.S. government. Just last spring, Dakota activists illustrated such resistance to the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.startribune.com\/walker-art-center-director-regrets-not-involving-american-indians-in-new-sculpture-acquisition\/424680473\/\">Walker Art Center\u2019s decision<\/a> to host a piece of a \u201cscaffold\u201d similar to that of 38 Dakota men who were hanged following the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pitzer.edu\/academics\/faculty\/erich-steinman\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Erich W. Steinman<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2012. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/10.1086\/662708\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colonial Power and the American Indian Sovereignty Movement: Forms of Domination, Strategies of Transformation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Journal of Sociology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 117(4): 1073-1130.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pitzer.edu\/academics\/faculty\/erich-steinman\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Erich W. Steinman<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2016. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/2332649215615889\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decolonization Not Inclusion: Indigenous Resistance to American Settler Colonialism<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociology of Race and Ethnicity<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2(2): 219\u201336.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u201cWall of Forgotten Natives\u201d highlights both the settler colonial practices that make such a homeless encampment possible but also demonstrate how American Indians have continually resisted settler colonial ideas and actions. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The authors respectfully acknowledge that the University of Minnesota stands on Dakota and Ojibwe peoples\u2019 traditional lands. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Originally posted October 9, 2018. In recent months, a homeless encampment of over 300 people &#8212; most of whom are American Indian &#8212; has formed along a highway noise wall in Minneapolis. The encampment has been self-proclaimed the \u201cWall of Forgotten Natives\u201d by residents and Indigenous activists who point out that much of Minneapolis is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124,15,33,13,85,14],"tags":[46,110448,110447,551,110439,38547,38543,110442,123,70,21369,38544,109520,2852,832,4049,40839,38541,1109,110436,21640,371,38546,119,38542,110441,96694,294,20430,133,110440,105],"class_list":["post-2223","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-crime","category-culture","category-health","category-inequality","category-politics","category-race","tag-activism","tag-activist","tag-american-indian-movement","tag-assimilation","tag-boarding-school","tag-crime","tag-culture","tag-dispossession","tag-ethnicity","tag-family","tag-foster-care","tag-health","tag-health-inequalities","tag-homeless","tag-homelessness","tag-indigenous","tag-indigenous-peoples-day","tag-inequality","tag-land","tag-native","tag-native-american","tag-policy","tag-politics","tag-poverty","tag-race","tag-reservations","tag-settler-colonialism","tag-social-movement","tag-sovereignty","tag-violence","tag-wall-of-forgotten-natives","tag-whiteness"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2223","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2223"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2223\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2348,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2223\/revisions\/2348"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2223"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2223"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2223"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}