{"id":2182,"date":"2018-09-17T08:00:18","date_gmt":"2018-09-17T13:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=2182"},"modified":"2018-09-15T13:54:16","modified_gmt":"2018-09-15T18:54:16","slug":"immigration-welfare-and-the-role-of-race","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2018\/09\/17\/immigration-welfare-and-the-role-of-race\/","title":{"rendered":"Immigration, Welfare, and the Role of Race"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2186\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2186\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ajmexico\/5893601384\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2186\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/09\/5893601384_ceea6a8e1e_z-400x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/09\/5893601384_ceea6a8e1e_z-400x600.jpg 400w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/09\/5893601384_ceea6a8e1e_z-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/09\/5893601384_ceea6a8e1e_z.jpg 427w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2186\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sign in a store that says &#8220;We Accept SNAP.&#8221; Photo by ajmexico, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recently, Trump advisor Stephen Miller <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/thehill.com\/latino\/400657-trump-proposal-would-make-it-harder-for-legal-immigrants-to-gain-citizenship-report\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">announced plans to bar documented immigrants from citizenship<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> if they or their families have ever used social assistance programs such as food stamps or welfare. Such action reflects stereotypes about who uses social assistance &#8212; in the United States, people of color take the blame. Not only are these stereotypes often incorrect, they are also deeply rooted in a long history of race and racism in America.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>It is important to understand that racial minorities and immigrants do not necessarily use more public resources than native-born whites. Racial minorities and immigrants do tend to have lower incomes and levels of education than native-born whites, but research shows that they do not excessively use social assistance programs when compared with other groups.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ssw.umich.edu\/faculty\/profiles\/emeritus\/sandrakd\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sandra K Danziger<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2010. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.012809.102644\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Decline of Cash Welfare and Implications for Social Policy and Poverty.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Annual Review of Sociology <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">36: 523-545.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/soc.jhu.edu\/directory\/andrew-j-cherlin\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Andrew Cherlin<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/uwchws\/staff_pages\/bianca.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bianca Frogner<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au\/display\/person651262\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Ribar<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/econ.jhu.edu\/directory\/robert-a-moffitt\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Robert Moffitt<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2009. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0002716208324851\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Welfare Reform in the Mid-2000s: How African American and Hispanic Families in Three Cities are Faring<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 621(1): 178-201.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Americans\u2019 attitudes towards welfare &#8212; particularly myths that certain groups overuse programs such as welfare and food stamps &#8212; are heavily rooted in politics of race and racism. In fact, several scholars have illustrated how political and ideological opposition to social spending are shaped by racial appeals. Even in the post Civil Rights era, political figures use implicit messaging and coded language to attack social spending programs and recipients of these programs, subtly implying racial minorities overuse such programs, thus perpetuating these racist narratives.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/urban.hunter.cuny.edu\/~schram\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sanford Schram,<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hhh.umn.edu\/directory\/joe-soss\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joe Soss<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psc.ua.edu\/profiles\/richard-c-fording\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Richard C. Fording<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2003. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.press.umich.edu\/2733821\/race_and_the_politics_of_welfare_reform\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Race and the Politics of Welfare Reform<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uml.edu\/FAHSS\/Political-Science\/faculty\/Dyck-Joshua.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joshua J. Dyck<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Laura_Hussey\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laura S. Hussey. <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2008. &#8220;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/poq\/article-abstract\/72\/4\/589\/1870145?redirectedFrom=PDF\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The End of Welfare as We Know It?Durable Attitudes in a Changing Information Environment<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Public Opinion Quarterly<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 72(4): 589-618.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.berkeley.edu\/our-faculty\/faculty-profiles\/ian-haney-lopez\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ian Haney L\u00f3pez. <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2014. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/dog-whistle-politics-9780190229252?lang=en&amp;cc=be\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. New York: Oxford University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Miller\u2019s plan to bar citizenship for immigrants who have used social spending programs must also be understood as a consequence of historical racism in the American welfare state. During the 19th and 20th centuries, white working-class immigrants from a variety of European countries accessed social spending programs, opportunities for home ownership, and union membership due to their racial privilege.\u00a0 On the other hand, Blacks and other non-white groups &#8212; including non-white immigrants&#8211; were denied the same opportunities. This heightened racial inequality while simultaneously validating racist beliefs about minorities and immigrants. In short, while Miller&#8217;s plan seems to primarily focus on immigration, it most certainly also about race.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sociology.berkeley.edu\/faculty\/cybelle-fox\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cybelle Fox<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2012. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/titles\/9754.html\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">from the Progressive Era to the New Deal<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/polisci.columbia.edu\/content\/ira-i-katznelson\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ira Katznelson<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2005. <\/span><em><a href=\"http:\/\/books.wwnorton.com\/books\/When-Affirmative-Action-Was-White\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When Affirmative Action was White<\/span><\/a><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>.<\/em> New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Company. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu\/people\/vilna-bashi-treitler\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vilna Bashi Treitler<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2013. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sup.org\/books\/title\/?id=12123\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ethnic Project: Transforming Racial Fiction into Ethnic Factions<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Recently, Trump advisor Stephen Miller announced plans to bar documented immigrants from citizenship if they or their families have ever used social assistance programs such as food stamps or welfare. Such action reflects stereotypes about who uses social assistance &#8212; in the United States, people of color take the blame. Not only are these stereotypes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,13,85,14],"tags":[73,29,470,18824,123,2746,105356,89,38541,321,465,2049,371,38546,119,38542,4225,105180,82,105358,105355,105359,38830,19021,151,105357],"class_list":["post-2182","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture","category-inequality","category-politics","category-race","tag-citizenship","tag-class","tag-discrimination","tag-economic-inequality","tag-ethnicity","tag-food-stamps","tag-government-assistance","tag-immigration","tag-inequality","tag-law","tag-migration","tag-nativism","tag-policy","tag-politics","tag-poverty","tag-race","tag-racial-inequality","tag-racial-stereotypes","tag-racism","tag-racist-beliefs","tag-social-assistance","tag-social-spending","tag-socioeconomic-class","tag-socioeconomic-status","tag-welfare","tag-welfare-policy"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2182","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2182"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2182\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2188,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2182\/revisions\/2188"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2182"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2182"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2182"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}