{"id":2144,"date":"2018-12-24T08:00:31","date_gmt":"2018-12-24T14:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=2144"},"modified":"2018-12-23T10:15:08","modified_gmt":"2018-12-23T16:15:08","slug":"me-too-behind-bars","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2018\/12\/24\/me-too-behind-bars\/","title":{"rendered":"Best of 2018: Me Too Behind Bars"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2147\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2147\" style=\"width: 234px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/x1klima\/7637108374\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2147\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/08\/7637108374_02c380c9ab_z-201x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"234\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/08\/7637108374_02c380c9ab_z-201x300.jpg 201w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/08\/7637108374_02c380c9ab_z-401x600.jpg 401w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/08\/7637108374_02c380c9ab_z.jpg 428w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 234px) 100vw, 234px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2147\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by x1klima, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>Originally posted August 17, 2018.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since its inception last October, the #MeToo campaign has extended beyond the red carpets of Hollywood and into other public arenas like high schools and universities, religious organizations, and military bases. Sexual harassment, assault, and rape within carceral environments such as jails, prisons, juvenile detention facilities, and immigrant detention facilities, however, have received comparatively little public or media attention. And when such reports are made, they are often met with public indifference or ill humor with jokes like \u201cDon\u2019t drop the soap!\u201d Nevertheless, there is a a small but growing base of social science research that shows how confined persons experience both the threat and the act of sexual violence.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5>In contrast to the #MeToo movement in the larger society, much of the research on sexual violence against those incarcerated has explicitly focused on men and male facilities. Male facilities have long been marred by reports of sexual violence, in part due to norms of hypermasculinity that encourage violence as a sign of heterosexuality. Men are expected to prove that they are not \u201cfags,\u201d \u201cpunks,\u201d or \u201cbitches\u201d to avoid being targeted for rape. Yet, confined men who exhibit a smaller stature and present perceived feminine characteristics face a greater likelihood of experiencing sexual violence during their stay.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/us.sagepub.com\/en-us\/nam\/author\/don-sabo\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Don Sabo<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wi.edu\/psyd-faculty-terry-kupers\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Terry A. Kupers<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and Willie London. 2001. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Prison-Masculinities-Don-Sabo\/dp\/1566398169\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prison Masculinities<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/independent.academia.edu\/DrAlirazaJavaid\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aliraza Javaid<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2018. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/gp\/book\/9783319526393\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Male Rape, Masculinities, and Sexualities<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 52: 199-210.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Women also face staggering rates of sexual violence behind bars. In addition to instances of rape through aggressive physical force, guards sometimes coerce women into sex in exchange for certain benefits such as visits, phone calls, food, and cigarettes. Due to transgender discrimination, trans women are often confined with other male inmates, where they face an even greater risk of harassment, assault, and rape, both by their peers and the guards who control them. Despite increased legislation and advocacy following the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.prearesourcecenter.org\/about\/prison-rape-elimination-act-prea\">2003 Prison Rape Elimination Act<\/a> (PREA), most detained victims do not report the abuse to authorities. For one, guards themselves are often the perpetrators of sexual violence and wield the authority to dismiss an inmate\u2019s claims. Moreover, victims may not disclose for fear of retaliation, shame, guilt, the loss of benefits, and questions about their (hetero)sexuality.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/policingequity.org\/kim-shayo-buchanan-j-d-j-s-d\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kim Shayo Buchanan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2007. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.prearesourcecenter.org\/sites\/default\/files\/library\/108-impunity-sexualabuseinwomensprisons2007.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Impunity: Sexual Abuse in Women\u2019s Prisons<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 42: 45-87.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/faculty.sites.uci.edu\/jenness\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Valerie Jenness<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.femst.ucsb.edu\/people\/sarah-fenstermaker\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sarah Fenstermaker<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2016. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0891243215611856\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Forty Years After Brownmiller: Prisons for Men, Transgender Inmates, and the Rape of the Feminine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gender &amp; Society<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 30(1): 14-29.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>While sexual violence no doubt pervades many carceral settings, researchers also study other forms of sexual activity, sexuality, and sexual social control among confined persons. Recent work, for example, shows that LGBQ inmates often develop consensual and caring sexual relationships within confinement. Yet, institutional restrictions on sexual activity through mandates like PREA criminalize these consensual relationships. Scholars suggest that such restrictions are not necessarily rooted in concerns over public safety and consent, but rather decades-long discrimination against same-gender sex.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jjay.cuny.edu\/faculty\/jay-borchert\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jay W. Borchert<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2016. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/lsi.12221\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Controlling Consensual Sex Among Prisoners<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Law &amp; Social Inquiry<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 41(3): 595-615.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.utc.edu\/social-cultural-justice-studies\/profiles\/criminal-justice\/rdv236.php\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Helen Eigenberg<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2000. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0032885500080004007\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Correctional Officers and Their Perceptions of Homosexuality, Rape, and Prostitution in Male Prisons<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prison Journal<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 80(4): 415-433.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>As we continue to grapple with the social and political reckoning of Me Too, social science researchers can help disrupt the \u201csociological silence of sexual violence\u201d and draw attention to power differentials across settings in which people are particularly vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. Highlighting confined persons\u2019 lived experiences of sex and sexual violence within carceral settings, then, contributes to larger conversations around sexual consent and power, as well as the reform (or abolition) of incarceration.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.lsa.umich.edu\/elizabetharmstrong\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elizabeth A. Armstrong<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/lsa.umich.edu\/soc\/people\/current-graduate-students\/mgleck.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Miriam Gleckman-Krut<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/lsa.umich.edu\/soc\/people\/current-graduate-students\/lanora.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lanora Johnson<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2018. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1146\/annurev-soc-073117-041410\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Silence, Power, and Inequality: An Intersectional Approach to Sexual Violence<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Annual Review of Sociology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 44: 99-122.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ias.edu\/scholars\/fassin\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Didier Fassin<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2017. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Prison-Worlds-Ethnography-Carceral-Condition\/dp\/1509507558\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prison Worlds: An Ethnography of the Carceral Condition<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Cambridge: Polity Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Originally posted August 17, 2018. Since its inception last October, the #MeToo campaign has extended beyond the red carpets of Hollywood and into other public arenas like high schools and universities, religious organizations, and military bases. Sexual harassment, assault, and rape within carceral environments such as jails, prisons, juvenile detention facilities, and immigrant detention facilities, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124,15,55,13],"tags":[104038,105321,105320,38547,38543,105317,2721,38545,2777,11306,2835,2836,12898,38541,104024,321,1976,16452,104053,868,105316,145,286,13317,120,3830,3463,21787,10413,4632,176,29450,306,133],"class_list":["post-2144","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-crime","category-culture","category-gender","category-inequality","tag-metoo","tag-carceral","tag-corrections","tag-crime","tag-culture","tag-detention-center","tag-femininity","tag-gender","tag-gender-discrimination","tag-gender-inequality","tag-heteronormativity","tag-heterosexuality","tag-incarceration","tag-inequality","tag-jail","tag-law","tag-masculinity","tag-mass-incarceration","tag-me-too","tag-power","tag-prea","tag-prison","tag-rape","tag-same-sex","tag-sex","tag-sexual-abuse","tag-sexual-assault","tag-sexual-consent","tag-sexual-harassment","tag-sexual-violence","tag-sexuality","tag-trans","tag-transgender","tag-violence"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2144","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2144"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2144\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2345,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2144\/revisions\/2345"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2144"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2144"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}