{"id":2032,"date":"2018-05-21T08:00:42","date_gmt":"2018-05-21T13:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=2032"},"modified":"2018-05-20T14:39:50","modified_gmt":"2018-05-20T19:39:50","slug":"opting-in-and-out-of-motherhood","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2018\/05\/21\/opting-in-and-out-of-motherhood\/","title":{"rendered":"Opting In and Out of Motherhood"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2035\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2035\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/wilvia\/3836441603\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2035\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/05\/3836441603_cb28475ff2_z-600x398.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/05\/3836441603_cb28475ff2_z-600x398.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/05\/3836441603_cb28475ff2_z-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2018\/05\/3836441603_cb28475ff2_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2035\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by wilvia, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Images of smiling mothers and children flowed through our newsfeeds last week week as millions of Americans celebrated Mother\u2019s Day. Yet, within the slew of digital odes to motherhood, many users posted messages of support for women who either voluntarily or involuntarily opted out of motherhood. Sociologists have long explored the meanings of motherhood and its social impacts on the women excluded from its definition. <\/span><\/p>\n<h5>Despite increasing support for gender equity, the traditional role of mother and the myth of \u2018maternal instinct\u2019 are still recognized as \u2018natural\u2019 rites of passage in a woman\u2019s life. Women without children &#8212; particularly those who do not desire to have children &#8212; face stigma and criticism from friends, family and even coworkers that their childless status is abnormal and selfish. Even those who are involuntarily childless are portrayed as bereft and damaged. Childless women have resisted these depictions by expressing their reasons for opting out of motherhood. These include commitment to career aspirations, adverse childhood experiences, and idealistic perceptions of what good mothering looks like.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marian Faux. 1984. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Childless_by_Choice.html?id=AdoaAAAAYAAJ\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Childless by Choice: Choosing Childlessness in the Eighties<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. New York: Anchor Press\/Doubleday.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/research.monash.edu\/en\/persons\/janemaree-maher\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JaneMaree Maher<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/au.linkedin.com\/in\/dr-lise-saugeres-6739b3a\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lise Saugeres<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2007. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1440783307073931\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To Be or Not to Be a Mother? Women Negotiating Cultural Representations of Mothering<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Sociology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 43(1): 5-21.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plymouth.ac.uk\/staff\/gayle-letherby\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gayle Letherby<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2002. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/1475-682X.00003\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Childless and Bereft?: Stereotypes and Realities in Relation to \u2018Voluntary\u2019 and \u2018Involuntary\u2019 Childlessness and Womanhood<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociological Inquiry<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 72(1): 7-20.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Ruth_Allen\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ruth E. S. Allen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Janine_Wiles\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Janine L. Wiles<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2013. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2012.01019.x\/abstract\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How Older People Position Their Late\u2010Life Childlessness: A Qualitative Study<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Marriage and Family<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 75(1): 206-220.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>In the absence of children, people find alternative ways to form familial bonds. Contrary to cultural representations of \u00a0childless women as cold and selfish, Amy Blackstone illustrates how childless couples have more time to develop closeness through intimacy and sexual activity with their partners. Furthermore, some research suggests that women in childless relationships are more likely to earn higher incomes, work outside the home, and face less pressure to complete household duties traditionally relegated to women.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/sociology\/faculty-and-staff\/amy-blackstone\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amy Blackstone<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2014. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/soc4.12102\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doing Family Without Having Kids<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociology Compass<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 8(1): 52-62.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Women may also opt in to motherhood even after being staunchly against the idea. Some become pregnant unexpectedly, while others encounter life experiences, such as desire from one\u2019s partner to have a child or the death of a loved one, that ultimately transform their plans from not wanting children to preparing for motherhood.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.utah.edu\/u0806084-Julia_Moore\/hm\/index.hml\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Julia Moore<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2017. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/jomf.12402\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Facets of Agency in Stories of Transforming From Childless by Choice to Mother<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Marriage and Family<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (79)4: 1144-1159.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Images of smiling mothers and children flowed through our newsfeeds last week week as millions of Americans celebrated Mother\u2019s Day. Yet, within the slew of digital odes to motherhood, many users posted messages of support for women who either voluntarily or involuntarily opted out of motherhood. Sociologists have long explored the meanings of motherhood and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,55,33,13],"tags":[30343,35,38543,70,38545,38544,38541,31393,3109,102568,4374,99,3397],"class_list":["post-2032","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture","category-gender","category-health","category-inequality","tag-childless","tag-children","tag-culture","tag-family","tag-gender","tag-health","tag-inequality","tag-mother","tag-motherhood","tag-parent","tag-parenting","tag-relationships","tag-reproduction"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2032","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2032"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2032\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2037,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2032\/revisions\/2037"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2032"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2032"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2032"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}