{"id":1675,"date":"2017-11-09T08:00:03","date_gmt":"2017-11-09T14:00:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=1675"},"modified":"2017-11-08T09:14:55","modified_gmt":"2017-11-08T15:14:55","slug":"poverty-penalties-in-the-u-s-penal-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2017\/11\/09\/poverty-penalties-in-the-u-s-penal-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Poverty Penalties in the U.S. Penal System"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1677\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1677\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/stevensnodgrass\/11078286805\/in\/photolist-hSX7GV-4Bom3q-U23mSZ-aTMAs8-8tMPwD-aTMz9p-7fK99T-UnQSkN-X1CA4S-8PMAuY-nRgSSr-4Krva2-F8uHQ-jSz5Yn-fr9Bzf-7NKRM9-m6wLtc-fDW28n-bBUGeG-5jhfU6-8tQTrh-rQXcHF-7zPCm2-bPDU1n-gSpzw6-hqK2uu-oHRSnH-o7QaZr-8ydHbY-2uW5J4-5bSYyi-bYDeDu-9rE8k1-9gBohb-VfFgHH-a9HdED-qAH5Ad-4p89Qo-9wsnV5-7h5bAe-h9ZoGP-495r5N-491q14-C2jCo3-WCrW8B-8GhDpe-kYB5oe-kYB546-T6ScB-dhXm4U\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1677 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/11\/11078286805_9a74a5fc39_z-600x400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/11\/11078286805_9a74a5fc39_z-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/11\/11078286805_9a74a5fc39_z-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/11\/11078286805_9a74a5fc39_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1677\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Steve Snodgrass, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This past week, the Philadelphia Board of Pensions and Retirement <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pionline.com\/article\/20171027\/ONLINE\/171029836\/philadelphia-board-of-pensions-votes-to-divest-from-private-prisons\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">voted<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to withdraw its investments in the for-profit prison industry. However, the prison industry depends on more than just investors to finance its operations. It also relies on <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">resources from defendants, inmates, and their families. Social science research demonstrates the far-reaching consequences of the penal systems\u2019s money leveraging strategies.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Federal and state criminal justice agencies and correctional institutions charge defendants and inmates with the costs of arrest, prosecution, conviction, incarceration, and supervision. For example, fees include the cost of electronic monitoring and registration for people convicted of sex offenses. In some states, defendants pay for their hearings (court-fees). If found guilty, they also pay room-and-board fees while in prison (pay-to-stay fees). <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insidephilanthropy.com\/insider-guide-to-program-offic\/kirsten-d-levingston-ford-foundation.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kirsten Levingston<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2008. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.prisonlegalnews.org\/news\/2008\/apr\/15\/making-the-bad-guy-pay-the-growing-use-of-cost-shifting-as-an-economic-sanction\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Making the Bad Guy Pay: Growing Use of Cost Shifting as an Economic Sanction<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pp. 52-79. in<\/span>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/thenewpress.com\/books\/prison-profiteers\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prison Profiteers: Who Makes Money from Mass Incarceration<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New York: The New Press<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a form of punishment, judges impose monetary sanctions for misdemeanor and felony crimes alike. Monetary sanctions disproportionately disadvantage defendants from low-income communities through three different mechanisms: reducing family income, limiting their access to jobs or educational opportunities, and increasing the likelihood of ongoing criminal justice system involvement. These consequences challenge the assumption that monetary sanctions serve as a more favorable alternative to incarceration or supervision. <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jjay.cuny.edu\/faculty\/karin-martin-0\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Karin D. Martin<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/faculty.sites.uci.edu\/bryansykes\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bryan L. Sykes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/sociology.uga.edu\/directory\/people\/sarah-shannon\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sarah Shannon<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/soc.washington.edu\/people\/frank-edwards\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frank Edwards<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/soc.washington.edu\/people\/alexes-harris\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alexes Harris<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2018. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1146\/annurev-criminol-032317-091915\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monetary Sanctions: Legal Financial Obligations in US Systems of Justice<\/span><\/a>.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Annual Review of Criminology\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1: 10.1-10.25.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.memphis.edu\/cjustice\/people\/amaia-iratzoqui.php\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amaia Iratzoqui<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/artsandsciences.sc.edu\/crju\/christi-metcalfe\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Christi Metcalfe<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2017. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0887403415586595\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Set Up for Failure? Examining the Influence of Monetary Sanctions on Probation Success<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Criminal Justice Policy Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">28<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(4): 370-393.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Correctional authorities outsource the operation and provision of services within correctional institutions to generate revenues for both public and private institutions. Contracts to run prison services \u2013 commissaries, telephone services, or online banking, for example \u2013 are based on commissions (what critics call \u201ckickbacks&#8221;), which generate incentives for corruption and disproportionate profit-making at the expense of inmates and their families. This means companies have higher incentives to increase their profit margins by charging higher prices and fees. <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/government.cornell.edu\/mary-fainsod-katzenstein\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mary Katzenstein<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.human.cornell.edu\/people\/mrw37\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maureen Waller<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2015. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S153759271500122X\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Taxing the poor: Incarceration, Poverty Governance, and the Seizure of Family Resources<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perspectives on Politics<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">13<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3): 638-656.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.uchastings.edu\/faculty\/aviram\/index.php\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hadar Aviram<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2015.\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/lasr.12175\/abstract\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cheap on Crime: Recession-era Politics and the Transformation of American Punishment<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Oakland: University of California Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This past week, the Philadelphia Board of Pensions and Retirement voted to withdraw its investments in the for-profit prison industry. However, the prison industry depends on more than just investors to finance its operations. It also relies on resources from defendants, inmates, and their families. Social science research demonstrates the far-reaching consequences of the penal [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124,13,85,1],"tags":[38547,103414,96418,38541,27084,38546,145,156,455],"class_list":["post-1675","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-crime","category-inequality","category-politics","category-uncategorized","tag-crime","tag-fees","tag-for-profit-prisons","tag-inequality","tag-monetary-sanctions","tag-politics","tag-prison","tag-prisons","tag-punishment"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1675","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1675"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1675\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1678,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1675\/revisions\/1678"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1675"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1675"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1675"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}