{"id":1650,"date":"2017-12-19T08:00:20","date_gmt":"2017-12-19T14:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=1650"},"modified":"2017-12-18T10:16:12","modified_gmt":"2017-12-18T16:16:12","slug":"revisiting-rape-culture-as-survivors-say-me-too","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2017\/12\/19\/revisiting-rape-culture-as-survivors-say-me-too\/","title":{"rendered":"Best of 2017: Revisiting Rape Culture as Survivors Say \u2018Me Too\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1653\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1653\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/chasecarter\/8084823206\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1653\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/10\/8084823206_c0a7bdc716_z-600x397.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/10\/8084823206_c0a7bdc716_z-600x397.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/10\/8084823206_c0a7bdc716_z-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/10\/8084823206_c0a7bdc716_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1653\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Chase Carter, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>Originally published Oct. 31, 2017<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In recent weeks, over 500,000 women and men shared the hashtag <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/entertainment\/archive\/2017\/10\/the-movement-of-metoo\/542979\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">#MeToo<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in response to the following social media tweet: \u201cIf all the women who have been sexuallly harrassed or assaulted wrote \u2018Me too.\u2019 as a status, we might give people a sense of the magnitude of the problem.\u201d Some participants only shared the hashtag, while others revealed deeply personal stories of sexual harassment in the workplace, child sexual abuse, and sexual assault on college campuses, to name a few. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/10\/20\/us\/me-too-movement-tarana-burke.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initially started by activist Tarana Burke<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, this reinvigoration of the Me Too campaign comes amidst numerous sexual assault and harassment claims against several high status men, including Hollywood mogul <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/film\/2017\/oct\/25\/natassia-malthe-accuses-harvey-weinstein-rape-sexual-assault\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harvey Weinstein<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, musical artist <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2017\/10\/07\/entertainment\/nelly-arrested-sexual-assault\/index.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nelly<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and most recently, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">House of Cards<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> actor <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2017\/10\/30\/entertainment\/kevin-spacey-allegations-anthony-rapp\/index.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kevin Spacey<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Sexual harassment and sexual assault are certainly not new phenomena. Yet, these campaigns that provide space for survivors to address victimization may signal a renewed public effort to address rape culture &#8211; a struggle that social scientists have spent decades trying to resolve.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Consequences of Sexual Violence<\/b><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sexual violence frequently results in several psychological and financial consequences for victims and survivors throughout the life course. Many report feelings of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder following the incident, and the trauma that results from sexual violence may alter how victims view themselves. Kaitlyn Boyle argues that assault characteristics like physical injury, perpetrator force, and physical resistance shape one\u2019s self-identification as a \u201cvictim\u201d or a \u201csurvivor.\u201d Sexual violence may also impact women\u2019s career trajectories. For example, many women that are sexually harassed in the workplace are more likely than non-harassed women to change jobs earlier in their career in order to avoid their harassers and\/or employers who failed to fully investigate their claims. These moves often resulted in increased financial hardship. <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/liberalarts.vt.edu\/faculty-directory\/sociology-faculty\/kaitlin-boyle.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kaitlin M. Boyle<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2017. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.asanet.org\/sites\/default\/files\/attach\/journals\/jul17smhfeature.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sexual Assault and Identity Disruption: A Sociological Approach to Posttraumatic Stress<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Society and Mental Health<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 7(2): 69-84.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sociology.okstate.edu\/people\/directories\/faculty-directory\/dr-heather-mclaughlin\">Heather McLaughlin<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/cla.umn.edu\/about\/directory\/profile\/uggen001\">Christopher Uggen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/sociology\/faculty-and-staff\/amy-blackstone\/\">Amy Blackstone<\/a>. 2017. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0891243217704631\">The Economic and Career Effects of Sexual Harassment on Working Women<\/a>.\u201d <i>Gender &amp; Society<\/i> 31(3): 333-358.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><br \/>\nDefining Rape Culture and Dismantling Masculinity <\/b><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feminist sociologists have long pointed out that sexual violence doesn\u2019t simply stem from individual sexual impulses &#8212; it emerges as a consequence of masculine ideals that justify men\u2019s aggression and encourage women\u2019s subordination. This is in large part due to rape culture. In their important study on college fraternities and sexual assault, A. Ayres Boswell and Joan Spade define rape culture as \u201ca set of values and beliefs that provide an environment conducive to rape\u201d (133). <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.raewynconnell.net\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">R.W. Connell<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1995. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.raewynconnell.net\/p\/masculinities_20.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Masculinities<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Berkeley: University of California Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/prezi.com\/_dcxpdniugg9\/a-ayres-boswell\/\"> Ayres Boswell<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/us.sagepub.com\/en-us\/nam\/author\/joan-z-spade\">Joan Z. Spade<\/a>. 1996. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.geneseo.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/sites\/health\/1996_boswell_greek_risk.pdf\">Fraternities and Collegiate Rape Culture: Why Are Some Fraternities More Dangerous Places for Women<\/a>?\u201d <i>Gender &amp; Society<\/i> 10(2): 133-147.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under popular rape myths that suggest \u201cguys will be guys\u201d and \u201cbros before hos,\u201d some men within highly male-dominated peer groups, such as fraternities and athletic teams, engage in acts like harassment and gang rape to connect with and impress their male peers. And while there are many men who openly oppose sexual violence by distancing themselves from perceived rapists and claiming they are \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2016\/12\/26\/when-nice-guys-rape\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">good guys<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u201d they may also reinforce cultural rape myths that only stereotypical \u201cbad guys\u201d &#8212; strangers, physically violent individuals, and minority men &#8212; commit rape. This ultimately works to cover up the more subtle forms of everyday sexual violence. <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.michaelkimmel.com\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Michael Kimmel<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2008. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Guyland-Perilous-World-Where-Become\/dp\/0060831359\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. New York: Harper Collins.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncwit.org\/profile\/beth-quinn\">Beth A. Quinn<\/a>. 2002. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0891243202016003007\">Sexual Harassment and Masculinity: The Power and Meaning of \u2018Girl Watching<\/a>.\u2019\u201d <i>Gender &amp; Society<\/i> 16:386\u2013402.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sociology.uoregon.edu\/profile\/cpascoe\/\">CJ Pascoe<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/sociology.uoregon.edu\/profile\/jocelynh\/\">Jocelyn A. Hollander<\/a>. 2016. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0891243215612707\">Good Guys Don\u2019t Rape: Gender, Domination, and Mobilizing Rape<\/a>.\u201d <i>Gender &amp; Society<\/i> 30(1): 67-79.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Originally published Oct. 31, 2017 In recent weeks, over 500,000 women and men shared the hashtag #MeToo in response to the following social media tweet: \u201cIf all the women who have been sexuallly harrassed or assaulted wrote \u2018Me too.\u2019 as a status, we might give people a sense of the magnitude of the problem.\u201d Some [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1957,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124,15,55,33,13],"tags":[38547,38543,38545,38544,38541,1976,96127,286,3366],"class_list":["post-1650","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-crime","category-culture","category-gender","category-health","category-inequality","tag-crime","tag-culture","tag-gender","tag-health","tag-inequality","tag-masculinity","tag-ptsd","tag-rape","tag-rape-culture"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1650","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1957"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1650"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1650\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1738,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1650\/revisions\/1738"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1650"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1650"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1650"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}