{"id":1643,"date":"2017-10-27T08:00:51","date_gmt":"2017-10-27T13:00:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=1643"},"modified":"2017-10-25T21:17:38","modified_gmt":"2017-10-26T02:17:38","slug":"whiteness-in-american-immigration-politics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2017\/10\/27\/whiteness-in-american-immigration-politics\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cWhiteness\u201d in American Immigration Politics"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1647\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1647\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1647 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/10\/11891623365_0ac1fa5f36_o-600x408.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/10\/11891623365_0ac1fa5f36_o-600x408.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/10\/11891623365_0ac1fa5f36_o-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/10\/11891623365_0ac1fa5f36_o-768x522.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1647\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Harold Navarro, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Immigration is a hot-button issue in American politics today. President Trump\u2019s proposed border wall, rescinding of DACA, travel bans for multiple majority-Muslim countries, and increased detention and deportation have meant that the debate has focused almost exclusively on Hispanics and Muslims. This is the latest in a long history of misgivings towards immigrants that has obvious racial dimensions. It\u2019s easy to forget that much anti-immigrant rhetoric is based on American attitudes about who is <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">white, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">or who has the potential to become white. Social science research reminds us how certain groups who were once cast as racial outsiders eventually came to be seen as \u201cwhite,\u201d while others have been consistently denied white status and the full citizenship that comes with it. <\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The meaning of \u201cwhite\u201d has changed through the course of American history. From the 19<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> century into the early 20<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> century, \u201cwhite\u201d only incorporated Anglo-Saxon, Protestant Americans. American voters and policymakers were concerned that \u201cnon-white\u201d immigrant groups such as the Irish, Poles, Jews, and Italians lacked the ability to assimilate into American society. Gradually, however, these immigrants became incorporated into the dominant racial category and were thus no longer considered outsiders. <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sociology.berkeley.edu\/faculty\/cybelle-fox\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cybelle Fox<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &amp;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/americanstudies.columbian.gwu.edu\/thomas-guglielmo\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thomas A Gugliemo<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2012.<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/abs\/10.1086\/666383\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cDefining America\u2019s Racial Boundaries: Blacks, Mexicans, and European Immigrants, 1890\u20131945<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Journal of Sociology <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">118(2): 327-379<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu\/people\/vilna-bashi-treitler\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vilna Bashi Treitler.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2013.<\/span><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sup.org\/books\/title\/?id=12123\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ethnic Project Transforming Racial Fiction into Ethnic Factions<\/span><\/a><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.kbcc.cuny.edu\/FacultyProfiles\/Libby.Garland\/Pages\/default.aspx\">Libby Garland<\/a>. 2014.<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/chicago\/A\/bo17607449.html\"> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After They Closed the Dates: Jewish Illegal Immigration to the United States<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This did not apply to <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">all <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">immigrant groups, however. Despite the historical flexibility of the category, whiteness never encompassed everybody. Courts, laws, and pseudoscience defined whiteness in ways that excluded some groups from full citizenship in America. Many immigrant communities\u2014such as West Indians, Hispanics, and the Chinese\u2014found themselves in racial categories that shaped their access to various socioeconomic opportunities, belonging, and citizenship. <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/copp.utsa.edu\/faculty\/rogelio-saenz\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rogelio S\u00e1enz<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shsu.edu\/academics\/sociology\/faculty-staff\/douglas.html\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Karen Manges Douglas<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2015. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/2332649214559287\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Call for the Racialization of Immigration Studies: On the Transition of Ethnic Immigrants to Racialized Immigrants<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociology of Race and Ethnicity<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 1(1): 166-180.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncas.rutgers.edu\/kornel-chang\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kornel Chang<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2012.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book.php?isbn=9780520271692\"> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pacific Connections: The Making of the U.S.-Canadian Borderlands<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Berkeley: University of California Press<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/faculty.sites.uci.edu\/lchavez\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leo R. Chavez<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2012.<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sup.org\/books\/title\/?id=22521\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>The Latino Threat<\/em>.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Palo Alto: <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stanford University Press<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/marywaters\/home\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mary C. Waters.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2014. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01419870.2013.808753\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defining Difference: The Role of Immigrant Generation and Race in American and British Immigration Studies.\u201d<\/span><\/a> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ethnic and Racial Studies<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 37(1):10\u201326.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Immigration is a hot-button issue in American politics today. President Trump\u2019s proposed border wall, rescinding of DACA, travel bans for multiple majority-Muslim countries, and increased detention and deportation have meant that the debate has focused almost exclusively on Hispanics and Muslims. This is the latest in a long history of misgivings towards immigrants that has [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2027,"featured_media":1648,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,85,14,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1643","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-inequality","category-politics","category-race","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/10\/11891623365_0ac1fa5f36_o-1-e1508984139240.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1643","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2027"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1643"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1643\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1646,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1643\/revisions\/1646"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1648"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1643"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1643"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1643"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}