{"id":1456,"date":"2017-05-08T11:19:07","date_gmt":"2017-05-08T16:19:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=1456"},"modified":"2017-05-08T11:19:07","modified_gmt":"2017-05-08T16:19:07","slug":"missing-girls-runaways-and-the-racialization-of-victimhood","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2017\/05\/08\/missing-girls-runaways-and-the-racialization-of-victimhood\/","title":{"rendered":"Missing Girls, Runaways, and the Racialization of Victimhood"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1457\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1457\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ktuspics\/5056019557\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1457 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/05\/5056019557_662df18876_z-600x338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/05\/5056019557_662df18876_z-600x338.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/05\/5056019557_662df18876_z-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/05\/5056019557_662df18876_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1457\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by ktus16, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Public outrage about missing Black and Latina girls struck the nation\u2019s capital in March, with many calling the number of missing girls of color a <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ebony.com\/news-views\/missing-black-girls#axzz4fSKrwJFE\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">crisis.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> While the number of disappearances <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/03\/31\/us\/washington-dc-missing-girls-children-trafficking.html?_r=0\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has not risen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> considerably in recent years, and there weren\u2019t actually 14 Black girls missing in 24 hours in DC, the question is an important one for sociological analysis. Who is considered a &#8220;victim&#8221; of violent crime and whose victimization goes unnoticed? \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whites, particularly white women, are the most likely to be framed as victims of crime. Take laws named after victims in the U.S. (e.g., <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nij.gov\/topics\/corrections\/community\/sex-offenders\/pages\/about-megans-law.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Megan\u2019s<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> law) &#8212; while Blacks suffer far more victimization from violent crime than whites, of the 51 laws named after victims in the U.S. from 1990-2016, 86.3% are\u00a0named after white victims. Only four are named after Black\u00a0victims, and three after Hispanic victims. Additionally, 65% of these laws were named after female victims.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Teresa C. Kulig and <a href=\"http:\/\/cech.uc.edu\/criminaljustice\/employees.html?eid=cullenft\">Francis T. Cullen<\/a>. 2016. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/07418825.2016.1244284\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where is Latisha\u2019s Law? Black Invisibility in the Social Construction of Victimhood.<\/span><\/a> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Justice Quarterly<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: 1-36.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The construction of whites as victims and Blacks as offenders extends to the reaction of law enforcement when girls are reported as runaways. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wiley.com\/WileyCDA\/WileyTitle\/productCd-1118454065,subjectCd-LA71.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scholars<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> argue that running away from home is particularly <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/us.sagepub.com\/en-us\/nam\/the-female-offender\/book236006\">gendered<\/a>, pointing to<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0the high number of girls that run away compared to boys and their reasons for running away. Of girls that were considered runaways in the U.S. from 1997-2003, Black and Hispanic girls were significantly more likely to have a runaway charge than white girls. White girls were more likely to get off with a warning.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/louisville.edu\/justice\/about-us\/faculty\/kimberly-kempf-leonard\">Kimberly Kempf-Leonard<\/a> and Pernilla Johansson. 2007. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1541204007301293\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gender and Runaways: Risk Factors, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice Experiences<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5(3): 308-327.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Similarly,\u00a0Black girls are more likely to be punished in schools. A recent study showed that Black girls are three times more likely than white girls to get an office referral, a higher likelihood than white boys in the same school. Black girls also got referrals for more ambiguous infractions like dress code violations or disobedience.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/soc.as.uky.edu\/users\/ewmo222\">Edward W. Morris<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.indiana.edu\/~soc\/bios\/Brea_Perry.html\">Brea L. Perry<\/a>. 2017. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0038040717694876\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Girls Behaving Badly? Race, Gender, and Subjective Evaluation in the Discipline of African American Girls.<\/span><\/a> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociology of Education<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 90(2): 127-148.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>What does all of this mean in the context of missing Black girls? It means that institutions, like schools and law enforcement, are far more likely to criminalize Black girls than their white counterparts, which means that they are less likely to see them as victims.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Public outrage about missing Black and Latina girls struck the nation\u2019s capital in March, with many calling the number of missing girls of color a crisis. While the number of disappearances has not risen considerably in recent years, and there weren\u2019t actually 14 Black girls missing in 24 hours in DC, the question is an [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1957,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124,55,13,14],"tags":[38547,38545,38541,455,38542,96435,3658],"class_list":["post-1456","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-crime","category-gender","category-inequality","category-race","tag-crime","tag-gender","tag-inequality","tag-punishment","tag-race","tag-runaways","tag-victimization"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1456","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1957"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1456"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1456\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1460,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1456\/revisions\/1460"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1456"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1456"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1456"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}