{"id":1382,"date":"2017-03-24T07:00:12","date_gmt":"2017-03-24T12:00:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=1382"},"modified":"2017-03-22T18:36:33","modified_gmt":"2017-03-22T23:36:33","slug":"outer-space-and-earthly-inequalities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2017\/03\/24\/outer-space-and-earthly-inequalities\/","title":{"rendered":"Outer Space and Earthly Inequalities"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1384\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1384\" style=\"width: 550px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/gsfc\/8447259507\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1384\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/03\/8447259507_477509695a_z-600x469.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"430\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/03\/8447259507_477509695a_z-600x469.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/03\/8447259507_477509695a_z-300x234.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/03\/8447259507_477509695a_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1384\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by NASA, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With the recent <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2017\/02\/22\/world\/new-exoplanets-discovery-nasa\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">discovery of numerous Earth-like planets<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> orbiting the same star, Elon Musk\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.grindtv.com\/travel\/spacex-aims-to-launch-first-ever-commercial-flight-around-the-moon-in-2018\/#koyaZDDzZZZ8iazW.97\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">promise to send citizens to the moon<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2017\/03\/16\/520399205\/trumps-budget-slashes-climate-change-funding\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">increased politicization<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> surrounding the science of climate change, many Americans are looking to the stars for potential solutions and possible new homes. And the nascent <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2017\/03\/16\/520399205\/trumps-budget-slashes-climate-change-funding\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NewSpace movement<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8212; made up of entrepreneurs and advocates looking to commercialize outer space &#8212; promises to push space exploration forward at a rapid pace. While it certainly requires rocket science to get to space, social science is beginning to weigh in on what it might mean for social life. <\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The privatization and commodification of public spaces is now moving beyond Earth as governments struggle over control of the atmosphere and outer space. And as new entrepreneurial space companies seek to privatize the sky and profit from new resources and new planets, some worry that existing structures of class and racial inequality will be repeated or even intensified with space colonization. Others, like anthropologist David Valentine, see potential for progressive re-imaginings.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gla.ac.uk\/schools\/ges\/staff\/ianshaw\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ian G. R. Shaw<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2017. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/anti.12309\/full\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Great War of Enclosure: Securing the Skies<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antipode<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Online.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jason Beery. 2016. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0962629816300130\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unearthing Global Natures: Outer Space and Scalar Politics<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Political Geography<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 55: 92\u2013101.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daniel Sage. 2008. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/14650040701783482?journalCode=fgeo20\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Framing Space: A Popular Geopolitics of American Manifest Destiny in Outer Space<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geopolitics<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 13(1): 27\u201353.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cla.umn.edu\/about\/directory\/profile\/valen076\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Valentine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2012. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/488890\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exit Strategy: Profit, Cosmology, and the Future of Humans in Space<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anthropological Quarterly<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 85(4): 1045\u20131067.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociologists highlight how inequalities shape the way people are experiencing this increasing \u201chumanization of the universe.\u201d Wealthy elites relate to the universe as an object to dominate, funding new \u201cspace tourism\u201d programs and hoping to extend the workings of capitalism to the Moon and beyond. Less wealthy and marginalized communities, however, experience the universe as a dominating and mystifying force, and many feel that space colonization will only make them more powerless. <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sociology.cam.ac.uk\/people\/academic-staff\/pdickens\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Peter Dickens<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/about.brighton.ac.uk\/staff\/details.php?uid=jso11\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">James S. Ormrod<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2007. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/240729370_Outer_Space_and_Internal_Nature_Towards_a_Sociology_of_the_Universe\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outer Space and Internal Nature: Towards a Sociology of the Universe<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 41(4).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since women and people of color are still less likely to pursue careers in science or technology, they are less likely to have a voice in these new projects. But this is not the only thing keeping them from the conversation. For example, women have historically had a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2017\/03\/women-in-space\/498833\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">difficult time qualifying for space travel<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Fears about menstruation, pregnancy, and hormones in outer space have significantly hindered research into how women\u2019s bodies are affected by space travel. The result is that women\u2019s bodies are constructed as problematic and essentialized in opposition to male bodies, keeping many women from successfully joining space missions. <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www-personal.umich.edu\/~yuxie\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yu Xie<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pihhealth.org\/find-a-doctor\/physician-profile-advanced\/michael-fang\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Michael Fang<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/sociology.ucdavis.edu\/people\/kashauma\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kimberlee Shauman<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2015. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1146\/annurev-soc-071312-145659\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">STEM Education<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Annual Review of Sociology <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">41: 331-357.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.monicajcasper.com\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monica J. Casper<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lisa_Jean_Moore\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lisa Jean Moore<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1995. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1389295\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inscribing Bodies, Inscribing the Future: Gender, Sex, and Reproduction in Outer Space<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociological Perspectives<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 38(2): 311-333.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>With the recent discovery of numerous Earth-like planets orbiting the same star, Elon Musk\u2019s promise to send citizens to the moon, and increased politicization surrounding the science of climate change, many Americans are looking to the stars for potential solutions and possible new homes. And the nascent NewSpace movement &#8212; made up of entrepreneurs and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1957,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,55,13,85,14],"tags":[38543,38545,38541,96409,38546,38542],"class_list":["post-1382","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture","category-gender","category-inequality","category-politics","category-race","tag-culture","tag-gender","tag-inequality","tag-outer-space","tag-politics","tag-race"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1382","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1957"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1382"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1382\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1388,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1382\/revisions\/1388"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1382"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1382"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1382"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}