{"id":1375,"date":"2017-03-21T08:30:05","date_gmt":"2017-03-21T13:30:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=1375"},"modified":"2017-03-21T09:00:59","modified_gmt":"2017-03-21T14:00:59","slug":"do-politicians-listen-when-constituents-call","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2017\/03\/21\/do-politicians-listen-when-constituents-call\/","title":{"rendered":"Do Politicians Listen When Constituents Call?"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1378\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1378\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/fischerfotos\/7432225390\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1378\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/03\/7432225390_0cc32b0417_z-600x398.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/03\/7432225390_0cc32b0417_z-600x398.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/03\/7432225390_0cc32b0417_z-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2017\/03\/7432225390_0cc32b0417_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1378\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Mark Fischer, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The election of Donald Trump has brought new people into politics and re-ignited activists. As people on the left aim to resist what they view as Trump\u2019s dangerous and harmful policies, and people on the right try to sustain political engagement after the election, both sides are debating about the effectiveness of various political strategies. For example, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indivisibleguide.com\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indivisible<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a guide compiled by Congressional staffers on tactics for opposing President Trump, spread quickly across the internet as people grappled with how to effectively influence policy-making. <\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contacting legislators is one of the most common forms of political engagement in the United States. Hearing from constituents, particularly in face-to-face meetings and phone calls, can influence politicians\u2019 action on an issue. The greatest impact, however, is when the contact is outside of routine communications and part of a collective campaign. Social scientists have found that politicians are more likely to react to new information that indicates a change in the political landscape and ties their stance \u00a0to their electability. An organized effort can demonstrate that a group has powerful resources, such as volunteers and donations, which in turn can affect politicians\u2019 ability to get re-elected. <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/cas.msu.edu\/people\/faculty-staff\/staff-listing\/name\/daniel-bergan\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daniel E. Bergan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/polisci.uconn.edu\/person\/richard-cole\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Richard T. Cole<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2015. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11109-014-9277-1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Call Your Legislator: A Field Experimental Study of the Impact of a Constituency Mobilization Campaign on Legislative Voting<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Political Behavior<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 37(1): 27\u201342.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/verba\/biocv\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sidney Verba<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1995. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hup.harvard.edu\/catalog.php?isbn=9780674942936\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Harvard University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/soc.washington.edu\/people\/paul-burstein\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paul Burstein<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.uccnrs.ucsb.edu\/people\/april-linton\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">April Linton<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2002. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3086476\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Impact of Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Social Movement Organizations on Public Policy: Some Recent Evidence and Theoretical Concerns<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Forces<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 81(2): 380\u2013408.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Legislators are not always just\u00a0responding to public opinion either. They are also influenced by lobbyists, political donations, personal political views, and party platforms. Nevertheless, popular opinion may play a larger role in shaping elected officials\u2019 positions when it signals a dramatic shift and the public feels strongly on one side of an issue. Thus, political organizations and concerned citizens can influence policy by raising and changing public awareness, and then explaining these popular sentiments to politicians who learn about their constituents attitudes.<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.polisci.ucla.edu\/people\/susanne-lohmann\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susanne Lohmann<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1993. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2939043\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Signaling Model of Informative and Manipulative Political Action<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The American Political Science Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 87(2): 319\u2013333.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/polisci.wustl.edu\/faculty\/daniel-butler\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daniel M. Butler<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and David W. Nickerson. 2011. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/isps.yale.edu\/research\/publications\/isps11-016\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can Learning Constituency Opinion Affect How Legislators Vote? Results from a Field Experiment<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quarterly Journal of Political Science<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 6(1): 55\u201383.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The effectiveness of contacting politicians also depends partially on the party and race of the official and the constituent. People are more likely to contact a politician from their own political party, so contacting leaders outside of one\u2019s own party disrupts political norms &#8212; which is sometimes effective and sometimes discounted. The response of elected officials to the public is also shaped by racism. For example, a real-world experiment found that white legislators discriminate against emails and calls from black constituents.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gsb.stanford.edu\/faculty-research\/faculty\/david-broockman\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David E. Broockman<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/timryan.web.unc.edu\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Timothy J. Ryan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2016. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ajps.12228\/abstract\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Preaching to the Choir: Americans Prefer Communicating to Copartisan Elected Officials<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Journal of Political Science<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 60(4): 1093\u20131107.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/polisci.wustl.edu\/faculty\/daniel-butler\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daniel M. Butler<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gsb.stanford.edu\/faculty-research\/faculty\/david-broockman\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David E. Broockman<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2011. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/isps.yale.edu\/research\/publications\/isps11-011\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Journal of Political Science<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 55(3):463\u201377.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although calling and writing legislators has a role in democracy, historical research shows that sustained mass social movements are what drive major changes in society and politics. Large popular movements that use tactics like protests, boycotts and strikes can disrupt the status quo and garner public attention. For example, during the U.S. Civil Rights Movement, sit-in protests increased the likelihood of desegregation in a city. The effectiveness of mass mobilization depends on the political and social context, but can transform political possibilities and lead to policy change. \u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lawschool.cornell.edu\/faculty\/bio.cfm?id=484\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sidney G. Tarrow<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1994. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Power_in_Movement.html?id=hN5nQgAACAAJ\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sociology.stanford.edu\/people\/douglas-mcadam\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doug McAdam<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lawschool.cornell.edu\/faculty\/bio.cfm?id=484\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sidney G. Tarrow<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/essays.ssrc.org\/tilly\/resources\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Charles Tilly<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, eds. 2001. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/9780521011877\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dynamics of Contention<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/politicalscience.commons.gc.cuny.edu\/faculty\/frances-fox-piven\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frances Fox Piven<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2001\/08\/23\/nyregion\/richard-cloward-welfare-rights-leader-dies-at-74.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Richard A. Cloward<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1979. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.penguinrandomhouse.com\/books\/131609\/poor-peoples-movements-by-frances-fox-piven-and-richard-cloward\/9780394726977\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poor People\u2019s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Vintage books.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/users.ox.ac.uk\/~sfos0060\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Michael Bigg<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/sociology.unc.edu\/people-page\/kenneth-andrews\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kenneth T. Andrews<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2015. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/asr.sagepub.com\/content\/80\/2\/416.abstract\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protest Campaigns and Movement Success: Desegregating the U.S. South in the Early 1960s<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Sociological Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 80(2): 416.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The election of Donald Trump has brought new people into politics and re-ignited activists. As people on the left aim to resist what they view as Trump\u2019s dangerous and harmful policies, and people on the right try to sustain political engagement after the election, both sides are debating about the effectiveness of various political strategies. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1957,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[85,14],"tags":[46,371,38546,693,38542],"class_list":["post-1375","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-politics","category-race","tag-activism","tag-policy","tag-politics","tag-public-opinion","tag-race"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1375","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1957"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1375"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1375\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1381,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1375\/revisions\/1381"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1375"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1375"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1375"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}