{"id":1186,"date":"2016-12-01T08:00:04","date_gmt":"2016-12-01T14:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=1186"},"modified":"2016-11-30T16:31:48","modified_gmt":"2016-11-30T22:31:48","slug":"sick-days-and-toughing-it-out","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2016\/12\/01\/sick-days-and-toughing-it-out\/","title":{"rendered":"Sick Days and Toughing it Out"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1190\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1190\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/williambrawley\/4195919691\/in\/photolist-7oMbJX-5WfUfG-dR14nH-cf2Szy-nHEVtP-6tvpQy-4Hdaip-bxpc3U-tKbd3-dx1boW-bB72Qk-qsrbei-4dNKoF-cQaJrh-oeXu7U-5dNEef-axe2Er-aEeZp5-9f8B6p-3GihAC-qLdr8m-dEuJrY-nWAoah-dmw8rT-7gcd1R-5bz7T4-dUGr8A-JCDYV-6UfdH-88uX6a-8QzsUe-9c4MYD-e4NMds-JGFzcy-9skfyY-7fEnQT-dMVx4Y-cLAVMh-pEcuwd-Q1pVk-JztU6X-HRj8SE-c9BtzG-4vTmo9-9AJbwp-9cZqvp-f2qV76-3aioHU-HVaAW3-6QrEcp\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1190\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/11\/4195919691_1dd18a0d3b_z-600x401.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by William Brawley, Flickr CC\" width=\"600\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/11\/4195919691_1dd18a0d3b_z-600x401.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/11\/4195919691_1dd18a0d3b_z-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/11\/4195919691_1dd18a0d3b_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1190\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by William Brawley, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Employees under strict attendance policies face a difficult choice when they are &#8220;technically&#8221; physically able to be present at work, but may not feel healthy enough to perform their job well. Debating whether or not to call in for the day, employees ask themselves not only if they feel sick, but if they <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">seem <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sick enough to convince their superiors and coworkers. Talcott Parsons\u2019 classic work on &#8220;the sick role&#8221; helps us understand why. Sickness inhibits a person\u2019s ability to perform as others expect them to. However, people in the sick role are excused if their symptoms seem to be beyond their control and if they try to get better. Whether or not a person is really sick, taking on the sick role requires those around them to be convinced, granting the sickness legitimacy. Social science research shows how the ease of attaining the legitimated sick role differs depending on gender and class.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.asanet.org\/about-asa\/asa-story\/asa-history\/past-asa-officers\/past-asa-presidents\/talcott-parsons\">Talcott Parsons<\/a>. 1975. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org.ezp2.lib.umn.edu\/stable\/3349493\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Sick Role and the Role of the Physician Reconsidered<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, Health and Society<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 53(3): 257-278.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More recent and critical research shows why taking the plunge and calling into work can be so difficult. First, a person has to ascertain whether they are truly sick by analyzing how their body feels, and whether or not certain symptoms constitute true illness in the eyes of others. The dripping nose and general malaise of a cold, for example, is never pleasant. Perhaps as children we might think it truly disrupts our daily routines. As we grow older, however, we learn what sociologists of health call <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">illness behavior<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is how an individual interprets specific bodily symptoms (like those of a cold) and reacts to them. Adults learn that the proper reaction to a cold is taking some over-the-counter medicine and heading into work with a box of tissues. This means that learning\u00a0to interpret the way your body feels is in large part a social process.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>J.T. Young. 2004 \u201c<a style=\"font-size: 16px;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15027988\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Illness Behaviour: A Selective Review and Synthesis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociology of Health &amp; Illness<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 26(1): 1-31.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ihhcpar.rutgers.edu\/about_us\/members.asp?v=2&amp;i=29\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Mechanic<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1995. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8545675\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociological Dimensions of Illness Behavior<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Science and Medicine<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 41(9): 1207-16.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many working-class jobs perpetuate &#8220;toughing it out&#8221; illness behavior; employees often attribute moral value to being &#8220;hard working&#8221; and going into work no matter what. This comes with a set of beliefs about what constitutes real illness and what is mere laziness.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Research finds that this kind of labor market shapes working mothers\u2019 illness behavior. After developing a worker identity, working mothers often recognize physical symptoms as relatively unimportant compared to building a good reputation with their superiors and defending themselves from job insecurity. The economy, then, is at play when they assess how they physically feel. They then encourage their children to &#8220;tough out&#8221; common health problems. This learned behavior does not end when a child leaves home either\u00a0&#8211; they are socialized into this practice and are likely to continue &#8220;toughing it out&#8221; when they are adults.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ed.ac.uk\/profile\/sarah-cunningham-burley\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sarah Cunningham-Burley<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.research.ed.ac.uk\/portal\/en\/persons\/kathryn-backettmilburn(6a836bab-7cc7-46a7-b689-2382a8c39275).html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kathryn Backett-Milburn<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and Debbie Kemmer. 2006. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16669805\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constructing Health and Sickness in the Context of Motherhood and Paid Work<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociology of Health &amp; Illness <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">28(4): 385-409.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Maria Carla Barnes, Rhiannon Buck, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/people\/view\/507712-\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gareth Williams<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/people\/view\/52107-\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Katie Webb<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/experts\/professor-sir-mansel-aylward-cb-dsc-ffpm-ffom-ffph-frcp\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mansel Aylward<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2008. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18556100\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beliefs About Common Health Problems and Work: A Qualitative Study<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Science &amp; Medicine <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">67(4): 657-665.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/personprofil.aau.dk\/103392\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Claus D. Hansen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/pure.au.dk\/portal\/da\/persons\/id(db664f3e-80f1-476d-83f3-1463a6a81fb8).html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Johan H. Andersen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2008. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18571821\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Going Ill to Work<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Science &amp; Medicine <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">67(6): 956-964.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Employees under strict attendance policies face a difficult choice when they are &#8220;technically&#8221; physically able to be present at work, but may not feel healthy enough to perform their job well. Debating whether or not to call in for the day, employees ask themselves not only if they feel sick, but if they seem sick [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1957,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,33],"tags":[38543,38544,42214,42215],"class_list":["post-1186","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture","category-health","tag-culture","tag-health","tag-sick-days","tag-social-construction-of-illness"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1186","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1957"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1186"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1186\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1191,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1186\/revisions\/1191"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1186"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1186"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1186"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}