{"id":1116,"date":"2016-11-03T08:57:36","date_gmt":"2016-11-03T13:57:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=1116"},"modified":"2016-11-03T08:57:36","modified_gmt":"2016-11-03T13:57:36","slug":"reproductive-technologies-and-social-inequality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2016\/11\/03\/reproductive-technologies-and-social-inequality\/","title":{"rendered":"Reproductive Technologies and Social Inequality"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1119\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1119\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/alphaone\/2916236376\/in\/photolist-5rGttw-6QeGEz-bSTuki-48Mmxp-6jD9oo-aeaCrG-cNUmZS-5rah6Y-JG5XP-qibFsq-5rGtyw-dnzUni-9N9Xko-HD1Hai-ejHnJb-5rGteQ-9eKjAy-dgCRSd-dTb2zB-y6A2Ww-9eKjAb-9eGdiP-9eGdjM-bsYvz1-4GPYsm-poFR4k-wyD2VY-qfXV2m-7nBtpP-9FuL5r-9HMwiL-8Lo6F8-iRhYoW-oRpnW8-6rNnXo-pmujxe-ab95jd-34Gqaf-q1Frn1-fF6fH7-5rC9Sp-eBo6W-q1Qd86-qif57k-pmun5t-4h2Fes-q1FrNm-8fj6xp-o8Nxw-crXq1E\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1119\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/11\/2916236376_426692ea8a_z-600x600.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Torsten Mangner, Flickr CC\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/11\/2916236376_426692ea8a_z-600x600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/11\/2916236376_426692ea8a_z-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/11\/2916236376_426692ea8a_z-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/11\/2916236376_426692ea8a_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1119\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Torsten Mangner, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientific and technological innovations have given humans a number of new methods to\u00a0manage fertility and create families. One of the more recent\u00a0advances in this area is the controversial birth of <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2016\/09\/27\/health\/3-parent-baby\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a child with genetic material from three parents<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, rather than two.\u00a0Social scientists find that while these new technologies have helped countless individuals grow their families, their use and availability often reproduce class and gender\u00a0inequalities.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Families have\u00a0always come in forms other than that of the\u00a0Cleaver\u2019s. Many parents have children from more than one partner. Other families have same-sex parents, single parents, or are childless, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. Invitrofertilization (IVF) and surrogacy are options for some women who have trouble conceiving, but the procedures are very expensive and not as easily available for people across socioeconomic lines.\u00a0As a result, research finds that the framing of infertility as an individual issue rather than one related to structural constraints places stigma on childless women.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mary\u00a0Lyndon Shanley and Adrienne Asch. 2009. &#8220;<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1086\/597141\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Involuntary Childlessness, Reproductive Technology, and Social Justice: The Medical Mask on Social Illness<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.&#8221;\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Signs <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">34(4): 851-874<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These conditions have\u00a0created an exploding market for new reproductive technologies. The science of freezing eggs and sperm has\u00a0resulted in egg and sperm banks where people can donate sex cells for compensation. Although both an egg and a sperm are required to create an embryo, the recruitment and marketing for these services is different for men than women. Women are more likely to be recruited to provide an &#8220;altruistic service&#8221;\u00a0and donate their eggs to infertile women; the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">staff at egg banks have been found to capitalize on cultural norms of motherhood to construct egg donation as a gift exchange.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a result, there are far more women than men participating in this kind of service, even though it is much less\u00a0physically invasive for men.<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www2.tulane.edu\/liberal-arts\/sociology\/johnson-profile.cfm\">Katherine M. Johnson<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.uah.edu\/ahs\/departments\/sociology\/faculty-staff\/richard-simon\">Richard M. Simon<\/a>.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2012. &#8220;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/gas.sagepub.com\/content\/26\/2\/261\">Women\u2019s Attitudes Toward Biomedical Technology for Infertility: The Case for Technological Salience.<\/a>&#8221;\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gender and Society<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 26(2): 261-289.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/bk-psu.academia.edu\/LaurenJadeMartin\">Lauren Jade Martin<\/a>. 2010. &#8220;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/gas.sagepub.com\/content\/24\/4\/526.short#cited-by\">Anticipating Infertility: Egg Freezing, Genetic Preservation, and Risk.<\/a>&#8220;<\/span>\u00a0<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gender and Society<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 24(4): 526-545.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doAdvancedSearch?group=none&amp;f5=all&amp;f4=all&amp;la=&amp;q4=&amp;c4=AND&amp;q3=&amp;acc=on&amp;q6=&amp;q0=egg+freezing&amp;q5=&amp;f6=all&amp;ed=&amp;f0=all&amp;c6=AND&amp;q2=&amp;f3=all&amp;q1=&amp;f1=all&amp;pt=&amp;sd=&amp;c2=AND&amp;f2=all&amp;c5=AND&amp;ar=on&amp;dc.sociology-discipline=on&amp;c3=AND&amp;isbn=&amp;c1=AND&amp;Query=au:%22Rene+Almeling%22&amp;si=1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rene Almeling<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2007. &#8220;<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25472466?Search=yes&amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;searchText=egg&amp;searchText=freezing&amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoAdvancedSearch%3Fgroup%3Dnone%26amp%3Bf5%3Dall%26amp%3Bf4%3Dall%26amp%3Bla%3D%26amp%3Bq4%3D%26amp%3Bc4%3DAND%26amp%3Bq3%3D%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bq6%3D%26amp%3Bq0%3Degg%2Bfreezing%26amp%3Bq5%3D%26amp%3Bf6%3Dall%26amp%3Bed%3D%26amp%3Bf0%3Dall%26amp%3Bc6%3DAND%26amp%3Bq2%3D%26amp%3Bf3%3Dall%26amp%3Bq1%3D%26amp%3Bf1%3Dall%26amp%3Bpt%3D%26amp%3Bsd%3D%26amp%3Bc2%3DAND%26amp%3Bf2%3Dall%26amp%3Bc5%3DAND%26amp%3Bar%3Don%26amp%3Bdc.sociology-discipline%3Don%26amp%3Bc3%3DAND%26amp%3Bisbn%3D%26amp%3Bc1%3DAND\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Selling Genes, Selling Gender: Egg Agencies, Sperm Banks, and the Medical Market in Genetic Material<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.&#8221;\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Sociological Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 72(3) 319-340.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Scientific and technological innovations have given humans a number of new methods to\u00a0manage fertility and create families. One of the more recent\u00a0advances in this area is the controversial birth of a child with genetic material from three parents, rather than two.\u00a0Social scientists find that while these new technologies have helped countless individuals grow their families, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1957,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[55,33,13],"tags":[8959,2726,38545,38544,38541],"class_list":["post-1116","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gender","category-health","category-inequality","tag-families","tag-fertility","tag-gender","tag-health","tag-inequality"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1116","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1957"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1116"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1116\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1120,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1116\/revisions\/1120"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1116"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1116"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1116"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}