{"id":1098,"date":"2016-10-26T08:30:52","date_gmt":"2016-10-26T13:30:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=1098"},"modified":"2016-10-31T10:49:53","modified_gmt":"2016-10-31T15:49:53","slug":"women-in-law-enforcement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2016\/10\/26\/women-in-law-enforcement\/","title":{"rendered":"Women in Law Enforcement"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1100\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1100\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/mdfriendofhillary\/6176458836\/in\/photolist-apMY2A-bFdaPE-fztzcv-g8zVgX-4BNSaa-6d8rmw-6d4hEP-7acMM4-6A2hLn-bXaoxV-pDe9nx-6d8rqU-d5NCz7-7acMHZ-6d4hHn-6d4hFR-dniBMK-6A6qGy-6A6rH9-8xJRnP-qiBsqg-5JkLpB-qocpoc-e1CpRG-q6DF3y-85qq8j-aaCjL5-bsopWE-e4kJoX-dmP8mk-mWxp4n-7L19Ej-6F3XvT-mWwTD2-9RtMiF-mWAmb3-cMMYSQ-7L1a2q-mWAskN-nHMbZP-mWAg4E-dZL3XF-mWzcz7-8L3M9W-mWyj3i-dmP84p-mWAqmN-8ZyTF7-8xcp65-e4rndo\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1100 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/10\/6176458836_0bb6ffb41f_z-300x290.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Edward Kimmel, Flickr CC\" width=\"300\" height=\"290\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/10\/6176458836_0bb6ffb41f_z-300x290.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/10\/6176458836_0bb6ffb41f_z-600x579.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/10\/6176458836_0bb6ffb41f_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1100\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Edward Kimmel, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protests broke out throughout Tulsa, Oklahoma the night an unarmed black man, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/09\/20\/us\/video-released-in-terence-crutchers-killing-by-tulsa-police.html?_r=0\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Terence Crutcher<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, was shot and killed by a white female\u00a0police officer, Betty Shelby. Police killings have surged in mainstream media since the 2014 shooting deaths of young black men\u00a0like\u00a0Michael Brown and Eric Garner, shootings that have overwhelmingly involved male law enforcement officials. As a result,\u00a0female\u00a0police officers and the likelihood that they will use unnecessary force have\u00a0largely been excluded from the conversation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Findings in this area, however, are\u00a0mixed. Some report that there are no significant differences between use of force by men and women when making arrests, except for the fact that use of force encounters for women were slightly less likely to employ a weapon and produce injury. Others, however, noted that female police officers are less likely to use force and suggest that a greater female\u00a0presence may reduce violent interactions with citizens.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Peter B. Hoffman and Edward R. Hickey. 2005. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0047235204001412\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use of Force by Female Police Officers<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Criminal Justice <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">33(2): 145-151.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/clj.uic.edu\/clj\/people\/faculty\/amie-m-schuck\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amie M. Schuck<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/cast.illinoisstate.edu\/faculty-staff\/profile.php?ulid=cerabe\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cara Rabe-Hemp<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2005. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/App\/publications\/abstract.aspx?ID=239782\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women Police: The Use of Force by and Against Female Officers<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <em>Women &amp; Criminal Justice<\/em> 16(4): 91-117.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The last several decades have witnessed a rise in female\u00a0officers in law enforcement agencies. Consequently, social scientists have addressed the gendered assumptions about women\u2019s competence in handling tasks traditionally considered masculine. Institutional norms in policing often require a great deal of \u201cemotional labor\u201d that differ based on an officer\u2019s gender. Women officers are expected to display little outward signs of emotion in their interactions with citizens, and yet are commonly still assigned policing tasks that tend to be devalued as feminized and judged as appropriate for women officers, such as administrative duties and community policing.\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/us.sagepub.com\/en-us\/nam\/author\/susan-ehrlich-martin\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susan Ehrlich Martin<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1999. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1049285\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Police Force or Police Service? Gender and Emotional Labor<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <em>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science<\/em> 561: 111-126.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/christinadejong.com\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Christina DeJong<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2004. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1300\/J012v15n03_01\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gender Differences in Officer Attitude and Behavior: Providing Comfort to Citizens<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women &amp; Criminal Justice <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">15(3-4): 1-32.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some research suggests that female officers are more likely to be victimized themselves. One study finds that female\u00a0police officers are not at an increased risk of experiencing victimization during police-citizen interactions, but that incidents involving interpersonal violence along with alcohol and\/or drugs increases risks for women on the job.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/cast.illinoisstate.edu\/faculty-staff\/profile.php?ulid=cerabe\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cara E. Rabe-Hemp<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/clj.uic.edu\/clj\/people\/faculty\/amie-m-schuck\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amie M. Schuck<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2007. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/pqx.sagepub.com\/content\/10\/4\/411.abstract\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Violence Against Police Officers: Are Female Officers at Greater Risk?<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Police Quarterly <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10(4): 411-428.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Protests broke out throughout Tulsa, Oklahoma the night an unarmed black man, Terence Crutcher, was shot and killed by a white female\u00a0police officer, Betty Shelby. Police killings have surged in mainstream media since the 2014 shooting deaths of young black men\u00a0like\u00a0Michael Brown and Eric Garner, shootings that have overwhelmingly involved male law enforcement officials. As [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1957,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124,55],"tags":[38547,42188,38545,30419],"class_list":["post-1098","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-crime","category-gender","tag-crime","tag-female-police-officers","tag-gender","tag-police-violence"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1098","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1957"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1098"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1098\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1109,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1098\/revisions\/1109"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1098"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1098"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1098"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}