{"id":1088,"date":"2018-09-19T08:00:41","date_gmt":"2018-09-19T13:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=1088"},"modified":"2018-09-15T14:49:54","modified_gmt":"2018-09-15T19:49:54","slug":"not-so-natural-disasters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2018\/09\/19\/not-so-natural-disasters\/","title":{"rendered":"Not so Natural Disasters"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1092\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1092\" style=\"width: 232px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/gsfc\/15072362777\/in\/photolist-oXTNkK-5qhFRD-f6yZmZ-drbb1A-8XtDhA-aapfjd-8EQbnL-eFSvy-drb1iB-ah5ppn-dpC9h2-4oKLQF-6X2LJY-cbp7Am-6WpB1W-9KTWjT-7uiXL8-9rUifE-3HDQNx-8yLDEw-p1xas3-8UoFW6-5ne6f5-3HHZMu-3T51U-9LDcRd-6RDdEd-2suLy8-3HDWm8-3HDRQK-dpBZ1Z-4QsVxa-8ApGiF-6iy93C-ad1Spe-4XPgU-dpCdm4-a6UEsn-agT5jG-cboSEu-5aLayL-ah8cYq-nVQQrB-4PNWQY-5Boyap-DNVjv-dpCcip-cbpbrN-cbpe1o-8UrL6f\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1092 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/10\/15072362777_0d9be9d5d5_z-232x300.jpg\" alt=\"NASA image by Jeff Schmaltz, Flickr CC\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/10\/15072362777_0d9be9d5d5_z-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/10\/15072362777_0d9be9d5d5_z-463x600.jpg 463w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/10\/15072362777_0d9be9d5d5_z.jpg 494w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1092\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA image by Jeff Schmaltz, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>Originally Posted October 19, 2016.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The rain and wind of Hurricane Matthew may have stopped, but much of North Carolina is still under water. The hard work of repairing and rebuilding has begun across the southeastern U.S. and the Caribbean, particularly in Haiti\u00a0where they are still\u00a0reeling from the 2010 earthquake. Hurricanes \u2013 so called natural disasters \u2013 \u00a0are not simply the result of the weather but become &#8220;disasters&#8221; because of how society shapes people\u2019s risks and how people prepare, adapt, and respond. <\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extreme weather events like hurricanes often become problems because of the ways society has changed the environment, such as locating cities in areas at risk of flooding, filling in wetlands for development, and building homes on eroding coastlines. Government policies are also major factors in where, why, and when an event becomes a human disaster because development policies have contributed to creating risky areas while response plans are often inadequate.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/liberalarts.vt.edu\/faculty-directory\/sociology-faculty\/david-brunsma.html\">David L. Brunsma<\/a>, David Overfelt, and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.stevenpicou.com\/\">Steven J. Picou<\/a>. 2007. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/rowman.com\/ISBN\/9781442206281\/The-Sociology-of-Katrina-Perspectives-on-a-Modern-Catastrophe-Second-Edition\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Sociology of Katrina: Perspectives on a Modern Catastrophe<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Lanham, MD: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/planning.unc.edu\/people\/faculty\/emeritifaculty\/raymondburby\">Raymond J. Burby<\/a>. 2006. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wcu.edu\/webfiles\/pdfs\/paradox_of_disaster_policy.pdf\">Hurricane Katrina and the Paradoxes of Government Disaster Policy: Bringing about Wise Governmental Decisions for Hazardous Areas<\/a>.&#8221;\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 604:171\u201391.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/artsandsciences.sc.edu\/geog\/susan-l-cutter\">Susan L. Cutter<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.web.uwa.edu.au\/people\/bryan.boruff\">Bryan J. Boruff<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/artsandsciences.sc.edu\/geog\/lynn-shirley\">W. Lynn Shirley<\/a>. 2003. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1540-6237.8402002\/abstract\">Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards<\/a>.&#8221;\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Science Quarterly<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 84(2):242\u201361.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The risks and burdens of disasters are not evenly distributed. Communities with the least economic, social, and political power often face the greatest threats from natural disasters and are also the least able to prepare, evacuate and rebuild. Socio-economic status affects where people live and the quality of their housing. Poor and working class communities also tend to bear greater physical, emotional, and psychological impacts of displacement and have fewer resources and government support to rebuild and recover after a catastrophe.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uea.ac.uk\/international-development\/people\/profile\/p-blaikie\">Piers M. Blaikie<\/a>. 1994. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.preventionweb.net\/files\/670_72351.pdf\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At Risk: Natural Hazards, People\u2019s Vulnerability, and Disasters<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. London; New York: Routledge.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uvm.edu\/sociology\/faculty\/faculty_bios\/Fothergill\/\">Alice Fothergill<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/wsnet.colostate.edu\/CWIS584\/Lori_Peek\/home.aspx\">Lori A. Peek<\/a>. 2004. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdra.colostate.edu\/data\/sites\/1\/cdra-research\/fothergill-peek2004poverty.pdf\">Poverty and Disasters in the United States: A Review of Recent Sociological Findings<\/a>.&#8221;\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Natural Hazards<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 32(1):89\u2013110.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/directory.arch.tamu.edu\/people\/13095\">Walter Gillis Peacock<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ametsoc.org\/boardpges\/cwce\/docs\/profiles\/MorrowBettyHearn\/profile.html\">Betty Hearn Morrow,<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/gss.fiu.edu\/people\/faculty\/hugh-gladwin\/\">Hugh Gladwin<\/a>. 1997. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Hurricane_Andrew.html?id=gSr4-6s_eYoC\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, Gender, and the Sociology of Disasters<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. London\u202f; New York: Routledge.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Economic inequality and race also contribute to different levels of vulnerability and resiliency between countries\u00a0around the globe. Communities of color are more likely to be threatened by environmental disasters and be less prepared, while government evacuation and reconstruction programs tend be limited for these communities. Researchers who studied Hurricane Katrina point to how experiences of the storm were shaped by institutional racism and how the effects exacerbated racial and class inequalities. For example, government aid was slower to reach African American communities who also spent more time in shoddy temporary housing and had more trouble rebuilding their neighborhoods. <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/drrobertbullard.com\/\">Robert D. Bullard<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/drbeverlywright.com\/\">Beverly Wright<\/a>. 2009. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/westviewpress.com\/books\/race-place-and-environmental-justice-after-hurricane-katrina\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Race, Place, and Environmental Justice after Hurricane Katrina: Struggles to Reclaim, Rebuild, and Revitalize New Orleans and the Gulf Coast<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Kristin_Bates\">Kristin Ann Bates<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/faculty.csusm.edu\/rswan\/\">Richelle S. Swan<\/a>. 2007. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cap-press.com\/pdf\/1727.pdf\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through the Eye of Katrina: Social Justice in the United States<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women and children also bear a greater burden and risk from disasters because they tend to have fewer resources. Women typically have more responsibilities of caring for children and aging relatives, yet they\u00a0have also been leaders in the recovery process after countless disasters, organizing their communities to rebuild and demanding a government response.\u00a0Natural disasters have a large impact on children due to the trauma, displacement, and disruption of their lives. Research found that\u00a0childrens&#8217; ability to respond and adapt after Katrina was related to their family&#8217;s race and class, with more vulnerable children experiencing greater detrimental effects on their well-being after the storm.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/wgst\/emmanuel-david\">Emmanuel David<\/a> and Elaine Pitt Enarson. 2012. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Women_of_Katrina.html?id=8VOzuAAACAAJ\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Women of Katrina: How Gender, Race, and Class Matter in an American Disaster<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elaine Pitt Enarson and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ametsoc.org\/boardpges\/cwce\/docs\/profiles\/MorrowBettyHearn\/profile.html\">Betty Hearn Morrow<\/a>. 1998. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Gendered_Terrain_of_Disaster.html?id=ODDaAAAAMAAJ\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women\u2019s Eyes<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Westport, CT: Praeger.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uvm.edu\/sociology\/faculty\/faculty_bios\/Fothergill\/\">Alice Fothergill<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/wsnet.colostate.edu\/CWIS584\/Lori_Peek\/home.aspx\">Lori A. Peek<\/a>. 2015. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/utpress.utexas.edu\/index.php\/books\/fothergill-peek-children-of-katrina\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Children of Katrina<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Originally Posted October 19, 2016. The rain and wind of Hurricane Matthew may have stopped, but much of North Carolina is still under water. The hard work of repairing and rebuilding has begun across the southeastern U.S. and the Caribbean, particularly in Haiti\u00a0where they are still\u00a0reeling from the 2010 earthquake. Hurricanes \u2013 so called natural [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1957,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[55,33,13],"tags":[38545,38544,1989,42184,42182,38541,26932],"class_list":["post-1088","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gender","category-health","category-inequality","tag-gender","tag-health","tag-hurricane-katrina","tag-hurricane-matthew","tag-hurricanes","tag-inequality","tag-natural-disasters"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1088","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1957"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1088"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1088\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2189,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1088\/revisions\/2189"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1088"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1088"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1088"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}