{"id":1033,"date":"2016-09-26T10:12:26","date_gmt":"2016-09-26T15:12:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=1033"},"modified":"2016-09-26T10:12:26","modified_gmt":"2016-09-26T15:12:26","slug":"whose-nation-whose-parks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2016\/09\/26\/whose-nation-whose-parks\/","title":{"rendered":"Whose Nation, Whose Parks?"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1037\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1037\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/leeco\/8369756719\/in\/photolist-dKBc5k-54zn1A-dKBc1p-dDoWtb-9Nq9t8-dWpfLp-9Nt3kA-ad6DXV-dSVX5J-crUrid-7Yugjz-emG68h-dSVLw1-q4R5P3-hsMcoH-oQvr9R-eQurve-pvQPXb-8ot8Lw-8UZeKA-oKFXaB-59DjQ5-9vy3rf-8gcGz7-ac98ZN-emsMwp-o988Vc-bEvfD1-8H6Qre-kbfVfH-7Yuh34-6MTq48-5Z1qu6-6BfkUL-hw7jpv-7Nt2cG-5XWUzk-hHrCRz-nYYUEH-ee3zQP-pY8YQB-2urCco-dtwGHU-pbJbfa-ogt7DB-7Xavrm-n6TDj2-4aXXfX-NnEbG-7X8qP7\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1037\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1037\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/09\/8369756719_69e3d38406_z.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Lee Coursey, Flickr CC\" width=\"600\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/09\/8369756719_69e3d38406_z.jpg 525w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/09\/8369756719_69e3d38406_z-300x188.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1037\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Lee Coursey, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last month marked the <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/travel\/experience\/america\/national-parks\/2016\/08\/24\/national-park-service-100-years-anniversary-centennial\/89274734\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">centennial of the National Park Service<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is tasked with preserving natural and cultural resources and protecting outdoor spaces for recreation, like Yellowstone, the Grand Canyon, and Yosemite. The most recently designated park is an <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ocean<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> park where <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/2016\/09\/obama-creates-a-monument-bigger-than-connecticut-in-the-atlantic\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4,900 square miles of deep sea volcanoes and canyons in the Atlantic ocean<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are now prohibited from commercial fishing and other types of resource extraction. While the idea behind the national park system is that <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">everyone<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> should be able to enjoy nature, the reality is that the working class and people of color are less likely to use national parks and the history of the parks has involved the displacement and exclusion of Native American, African American and immigrant communities. <\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unequal access to resources &#8211; including money for entrance fees and transportation, equipment for exploring the parks, and leisure time &#8211; have resulted in race and class differences in who can actually enjoy the national parks. <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/experts.griffith.edu.au\/academic\/jason.byrne\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jason Byrne<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/ced.berkeley.edu\/ced\/faculty-staff\/jennifer-wolch\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jennifer Wolch<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2009. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/phg.sagepub.com\/content\/early\/2009\/03\/13\/0309132509103156\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature, Race, and Parks: Past Research and Future Directions for Geographic Research<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Progress in Human Geography<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 33(6): 743\u201365.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nrs.fs.fed.us\/people\/gobster\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paul H. Gobster<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2002. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nrs.fs.fed.us\/pubs\/jrnl\/2002\/nc_2002_Gobster_002.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Managing Urban Parks for a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Clientele<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leisure Sciences<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 24(2): 143\u201359.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/directory\/myron-floyd\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Myron Floyd<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1999. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.nps.gov\/socialscience\/docs\/archive\/SSRR_2.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Race, Ethnicity and Use of the National Park System<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NPS Social Science Research Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 1(2): 1\u201324.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beyond access, there are a variety of cultural definitions of \u201cthe wilderness,\u201d \u201cthe outdoors,\u201d and recreation that are shaped by race. Racial norms and ideologies impact how people perceive leisure time and values of natural beauty, and activities like hiking and camping are often seen as \u201cwhite hobbies.\u201d Yet, these differences are largely due to a history of exclusion, discrimination, and segregation that kept people of color from using public outdoor space, particularly in the Jim Crow South.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/recreation\/johnson.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cassandra Y. Johnson<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Patrick M. Horan, and William Pepper. 1997. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.srs.fs.fed.us\/pubs\/ja\/ja_johnson003.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Race, Rural Residence, and Wildland Visitation: Examining the Influence of Sociocultural Meaning<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rural Sociology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 62(1): 80\u2013110.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/recreation\/johnson.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cassandra Y. Johnson<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1998. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.454.7500&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Consideration of Collective Memory in African American Attachment to Wildland Recreation Places<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Human Ecology Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 5(1): 5\u201315.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.snre.umich.edu\/profile\/dorceta_e_taylor_phd\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dorecetta Taylor<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1989. &#8220;<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/eab.sagepub.com\/content\/21\/2\/175.abstract\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blacks and the Environment: \u00a0Towards an Explanation of the Concern and Action Gaps Between Blacks and Whites<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.&#8221; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environment and Behavior<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 21(2): 175- 205.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The parks themselves were created through colonialism, as much of the land that is now \u201cprotected\u201d was of course taken from Native Americans. The idea of a pristine wilderness is historically linked to white racial purity and the need for Europeans to save the land, which justified U.S. expansion into the West. The conservation movement was also led by white men, such as John Muir, who often overlooked the struggles of racial minorities and issues of equity.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/markdavidspence\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mark David Spence<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1999. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/environmentreligionculture.files.wordpress.com\/2012\/07\/spence_dispossessingwilderness1.pdf\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/orion.sfasu.edu\/courseinformation\/cv\/351.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mark Daniel Barringer<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2002. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/eh.net\/book_reviews\/selling-yellowstone-capitalism-and-the-construction-of-nature\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Selling Yellowstone: Capitalism and the Construction of Nature<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.snre.umich.edu\/profile\/dorceta_e_taylor_phd\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dorcetta Taylor<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2016. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dukeupress.edu\/the-rise-of-the-american-conservation-movement\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Rise of the American Conservation Movement:<\/span><\/i> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power, Privilege, and Environmental Protection<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Last month marked the centennial of the National Park Service, which is tasked with preserving natural and cultural resources and protecting outdoor spaces for recreation, like Yellowstone, the Grand Canyon, and Yosemite. The most recently designated park is an ocean park where 4,900 square miles of deep sea volcanoes and canyons in the Atlantic ocean [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1957,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,13,85,14],"tags":[38543,38541,40830,40829,40823,38546,38542],"class_list":["post-1033","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture","category-inequality","category-politics","category-race","tag-culture","tag-inequality","tag-national-park-service","tag-national-parks","tag-native-americans","tag-politics","tag-race"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1033","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1957"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1033"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1033\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1038,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1033\/revisions\/1038"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1033"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1033"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1033"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}