{"id":1010,"date":"2016-09-21T09:59:11","date_gmt":"2016-09-21T14:59:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/?p=1010"},"modified":"2016-09-21T13:25:12","modified_gmt":"2016-09-21T18:25:12","slug":"pipeline-protests-a-pipedream","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/2016\/09\/21\/pipeline-protests-a-pipedream\/","title":{"rendered":"Pipeline Protests a Pipedream?"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1024\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1024\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/jduf4\/29488091090\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1024\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1024\" src=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/09\/29488091090_3ed2bdfd7f_z-600x400.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by John Duffy, Flickr CC\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/09\/29488091090_3ed2bdfd7f_z-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/09\/29488091090_3ed2bdfd7f_z-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/files\/2016\/09\/29488091090_3ed2bdfd7f_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1024\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by John Duffy, Flickr CC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thousands led by Native Americans from across the country have converged on rural North Dakota over the past month to stop construction of the Dakota Access pipeline near the Standing Rock Sioux reservation. Opponents say the pipeline is a threat to culturally and spiritually sacred sites as well as vital drinking water sources. Protesters have erected an encampment and are leading daily marches to the construction site demanding that the company and federal government halt construction in order to protect water and adhere to treaties with Native American tribes.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The protest over the Dakota Access pipeline reflects the social and political tensions that often emerge around resource extraction projects and potentially hazardous infrastructure, and sociologists have been at the forefront of research and analysis. Mining development led by large multinational companies often brings social dislocation, environmental problems, and a loss of livelihoods for native communities. Yet, indigenous communities have had some success in preventing development and maintaining control over land and natural resources partially through direct action, transnational coalitions, and public campaigns against corporations.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.anthropology.hawaii.edu\/people\/faculty\/golub\/index.html\">Alex Golub<\/a>. 2014. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dukeupress.edu\/leviathans-at-the-gold-mine\">Leviathans at the Gold Mine: Creating Indigenous and Corporate Actors in Papua New Guinea<\/a><\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Raleigh, NC: Duke University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.surrey.ac.uk\/sbs\/people\/gavin_hilson\/\">Gavin Hilson<\/a>. 2014. <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Natural-Resource-Extraction-and-Indigenous-Livelihoods-Development-Challenges\/Gilberthorpe-Hilson\/p\/book\/9781409437772\">Natural Resource Extraction and Indigenous Livelihoods: Development Challenges in an Era of Globalization<\/a><\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Farnham, GB: Routledge.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/home.cc.umanitoba.ca\/~li2\/\">Fabiana Li<\/a>. 2015. <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dukeupress.edu\/Unearthing-Conflict\">Unearthing Conflict: Corporate Mining, Activism, and Expertise in Peru<\/a><\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Raleigh, NC: Duke University Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the U.S., Native American reservations have often been used as sites for hazardous mining and disposal of toxic waste \u2013 what scholars call \u201cnational sacrifice zones\u201d and environmental racism. Hooks and Smith find that Native Americans struggle with environmental injustices and are more likely to live near toxic waste sites, largely because the U.S. military has used reservations and nearby land for testing and disposing of weapons.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/drrobertbullard.com\/\">Robert D. Bullard<\/a>. 1994. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Unequal_Protection.html?id=Kp4NAAAAYAAJ\">Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color<\/a><\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sociology.mcmaster.ca\/people\/ghooks\">Gregory Hooks<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.soci.txstate.edu\/People\/faculty\/c_smith.html\">Chad L. Smith<\/a>. 2004. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3593065?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\">The Treadmill of Destruction: National Sacrifice Areas and Native Americans<\/a>.\u201d <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Sociological Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 69(4):558\u201375.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bellarmine.lmu.edu\/womensandgenderstudies\/faculty\/?expert=tracibrynne.voyles\">Traci Brynne Voyles<\/a>. 2015. <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.upress.umn.edu\/book-division\/books\/wastelanding\">Wastelanding: Legacies of Uranium Mining in Navajo Country<\/a><\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protest is also driven by group identities and culture. Mobilization against industrial development is shaped by historical and social differences in how people relate to the land. Indigenous philosophy, spirituality, and land claims can provide legitimacy to environmental opposition and are a source of inspiration and motivation for movement participants. This highlights the role of culture, place-based identity, and values in motivating people to participate in protest.<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.es.ucsb.edu\/people\/william-r-freudenburg\">William Freudenburg<\/a>\u00a0and Robert Gramling. 1993. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/download.springer.com\/static\/pdf\/277\/art%253A10.1007%252FBF01115049.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2FBF01115049&amp;token2=exp=1474468517~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F277%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252FBF01115049.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Farticle%252F10.1007%252FBF01115049*~hmac=7c1da7f9b3940f27a0245deb81565c59e064e140469febc65ce607be5c4dfbfd\">Socioenvironmental Factors and Development Policy: Understanding Opposition and Support for Offshore Oil<\/a>.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociological Forum<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 8(3):341\u201364.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.faculty.uci.edu\/profile.cfm?faculty_id=5286\">Francesca Polletta<\/a>. 1998. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3097241?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\">\u2018It Was like a Fever &#8230;\u2019 Narrative and Identity in Social Protest<\/a>.\u201d <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Problems<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 45(2):137\u201359.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.grusky.org\/student_files\/Wright_CV.pdf\">Rachel A. Wright<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/liberalarts.oregonstate.edu\/spp\/sociology\/hilary-boudet\">Hilary Schaffer Boudet<\/a>. 2012. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/37335\">To Act or Not to Act: Context, Capability, and Community Response to Environmental Risk<\/a>.\u201d <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Journal of Sociology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 118(3):728\u201377.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmentalists have joined the effort to stop the pipeline as part of a wider movement against fossil fuel extraction and climate change mobilization. Coalitions of environmentalists and indigenous peoples often develop in response to environmentally harmful projects, such as dams or pipelines, which have been important for generating public attention to issues of Native American rights while also building environmental movements. Protests over particular local industrial development can be used strategically by social movements to attract new participants and link people\u2019s immediate concerns about health and safety to broader environmental issues. <\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cabrillo.edu\/~mmoore\/\">Mik Moore<\/a>. 1998. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/home.sandiego.edu\/~kaufmann\/hnrs379\/Moore_1998.pdf\">Coalition Building between Native American and Environmental Organizations in Opposition to Development: The Case of the New Los Padres Dam Project<\/a>.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organization &amp; Environment<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 11(3):287\u2013313.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.glendon.yorku.ca\/about\/spotlight-sociology-joanna-robinson\/\">Joanna L. Robinson<\/a>. 2013. <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/books\/contested-water\">Contested Water: The Struggle Against Water Privatization in the United States and Canada<\/a><\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nicholas.duke.edu\/people\/staff\/neville\">Kate J. Neville<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/nicholas.duke.edu\/people\/faculty\/weinthal\">Erika Weinthal<\/a>. 2016. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09644016.2016.1154124\">Scaling up Site Disputes: Strategies to Redefine \u2018local\u2019 in the Fight against Fracking<\/a>.\u201d <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental Politics<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 25(4):569\u201392.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Thousands led by Native Americans from across the country have converged on rural North Dakota over the past month to stop construction of the Dakota Access pipeline near the Standing Rock Sioux reservation. Opponents say the pipeline is a threat to culturally and spiritually sacred sites as well as vital drinking water sources. Protesters have [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1957,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,85,14],"tags":[40821,38541,40823,38546,3334,38542],"class_list":["post-1010","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-inequality","category-politics","category-race","tag-dakota-access-pipeline","tag-inequality","tag-native-americans","tag-politics","tag-protests","tag-race"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1010","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1957"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1010"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1010\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1025,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1010\/revisions\/1025"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1010"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1010"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/trot\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1010"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}