{"id":69278,"date":"2016-08-17T09:14:13","date_gmt":"2016-08-17T14:14:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/?p=69278"},"modified":"2016-08-17T12:23:27","modified_gmt":"2016-08-17T17:23:27","slug":"the-glass-wall-gender-and-coaching","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/2016\/08\/17\/the-glass-wall-gender-and-coaching\/","title":{"rendered":"The &#8220;Glass Wall&#8221;: Gender, Inequality, and Coaching"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"western\"><em>Originally posted at <a href=\"https:\/\/scatter.wordpress.com\/2016\/08\/11\/coaching-and-masculinity-a-natural-combination-guest-post\/#sdfootnote1sym\" target=\"_blank\">Scatterplot<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\">Olympic fever has hit! As we all marvel at the power, precision, and grace of the athletes, a more disturbing commentary has also emerged, one that diminishes women athletes\u2019 accomplishments, defines them by the men around them, places them in tired tropes of sex objects, or infantilizes them as \u201cgirls.\u201d Some journalists, in combination with a robust social media discussion, are calling this <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/news\/sporting-scene\/how-to-really-watch-olympic-gymnastics\" target=\"_blank\">bad<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2016\/aug\/09\/female-olympians-guide-gaffes-athletes-sports-makeup-shorts-marital-status-lindy-west\" target=\"_blank\">behavior<\/a> out.\u00a0But should we be so surprised?<span id=\"more-10916\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\">According to past research, no. In <a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/m7edz\/\" target=\"_blank\">our work<\/a>, we see this as a more pervasive issue, and women\u2019s collegiate coaching is a prime example.\u00a0When Title IX was enacted in 1972 approximately 90% of women\u2019s teams were coached by women; in 2014 that number dropped to 43%. Women comprise only <a href=\"http:\/\/www.acostacarpenter.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">23% of head coaching positions<\/a>. Why are women coaches \u2013 especially of women\u2019s teams \u2013 being left out? We talked to 9 female and 12 male\u00a0coaches of women\u2019s and men\u2019s teams and many of their own explanations suggest a view of fundamental and \u201cnatural\u201d differences between men and women.<\/p>\n<div class=\"getty embed image\" style=\"background-color: #fff; display: inline-block; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; color: #a7a7a7; font-size: 11px; width: 100%; max-width: 507px;\">\n<div style=\"padding: 0; margin: 0; text-align: left;\"><a style=\"color: #a7a7a7; text-decoration: none; font-weight: normal !important; border: none; display: inline-block;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/200312358-001\" target=\"_blank\">Embed from Getty Images<\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"overflow: hidden; position: relative; height: 0; padding: 66.666667% 0 0 0; width: 100%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"display: inline-block; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; margin: 0;\" src=\"\/\/embed.gettyimages.com\/embed\/200312358-001?et=XG9vUZssTsxXNk63zR2yrw&amp;viewMoreLink=on&amp;sig=yLc86cNIZRU0Y16qIwEaTDdziNbrv8-t8r9_K5LUuRY=&amp;caption=true\" width=\"507\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\">\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><b>Talking to Coaches\u2026 Gender Matters<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\">In general, the qualities of sport \u2013 competition, confidence, physical strength, aggression \u2013 are seen as masculine, while characteristics of cooperation, passivity, and dependency are coded feminine, raising suspicions about women\u2019s capacity to excel. Masculine dominance has helped to define the parameters of what it means to be a coach.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\">Interestingly, coaching may be seen as an example of conflicting masculine roles. Given the low pay and high time commitment, coaching undermines the traditional male family role as breadwinner. As this male head women\u2019s tennis coach explains,<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\">I\u2019ve been kind of lucky\u2026 I didn\u2019t feel like I had to make a certain amount of money, X amount of dollars to be happy. So I was ok with where I was at salary wise\u2026 I think that the key to that is having a wife that also works, and that we can still make it happen, and sort of live the way we want to live and be happy.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\">Many of the men echoed the idea that without a spouse\u2019s support, a coaching career would be difficult. Although respondents all felt women opt out of coaching due to family pressures, none felt that men needed to opt out to support their families. Arguably, the relationship between masculinity and athletics provides men with the social compensation necessary to remain in coaching in a way that does not operate for women.<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\">Especially when asked why women don\u2019t coach men, many of the respondents did not think women would have the strength, athleticism, authority, and leadership abilities to be effective men\u2019s coaches. As a male head men\u2019s soccer coach expresses:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\">I think the game is slightly different. The understanding of the nuances of the men\u2019s game versus the women\u2019s game\u2026 for a female to go into a men\u2019s athletic team and command respect from those guys, it\u2019s difficult. A female wouldn\u2019t be able to step in and play seven versus seven and be able to play at the same level. Not technically, not tactically, I mean simply physically\u2026just the strength factor.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\">Other arguments highlight the assumed biological connection between men and leadership. A female assistant women\u2019s soccer coach argued that \u201cthe leadership gene is much more apparent in guys, it\u2019s much more inherent in them.\u201d\u00a0<i><\/i>Additionally challenging is the perception that taking orders and guidance from a female threatens masculinity and calls into question male superiority in a male dominated field. A former male head golf coach notes,<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\">A woman coach is going to have to work harder to gain respect from a guy player than a male coach will have to work from a female player. \u2026 [Individuals are] raised to say if a guy\u2019s leading, you give them a little benefit of the doubt. A woman has to prove herself, and until she does there\u2019s going to be doubt.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\">By internalizing and enforcing stereotypes a gender pecking-order can be preserved. As this woman, an assistant women\u2019s soccer coach, suggests, socialization improves men\u2019s leadership ability:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\">When girls are socialized\u2026 it\u2019s share, everyone in groups, be nice to everyone; guys are taught much more of competitiveness\u2026 a guy leader comes out in a group much easier\u2026 because in a girl\u2019s environment it\u2019s no one should be above anyone else\u2026 guys and girls are just different. They\u2019re socialized different.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\">Stereotypes about men\u2019s competitiveness and women\u2019s need for emotional bonding were prevalent, and if these are carried into hiring decisions it is easy to see why male coaches are favored. Yet, if gender differences are so stark, we would expect to see same-sex coaching across the board, instead of the current disparity. Instead, this difference only legitimated women\u2019s absence and <u>was not used to question men\u2019s presence<\/u> as coaches of women\u2019s teams. None of the women said they wanted to coach men\u2019s teams and nor were they upset at being denied access to these positions. Respondents were more in favor of increasing women coaching women, but did not question or challenge any of the main gender stereotypes. This man, a former head men\u2019s golf coach said,<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\">I\u2019m a fan of a woman coaching women\u2019s sports, if skill levels are equal, because there are certain intangibles \u2013 I don\u2019t understand the woman animal as well on certain things.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"western\"><b>Shattering the \u201cGlass Wall\u201d?<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\">Coaches we interviewed recognized the role that resources and opportunities played in incentivizing men into coaching women<b>, <\/b>but none challenged any aspect of the system. Respondents automatically buy into the \u201cglass wall\u201d such that 50 percent of jobs (those coaching men) are off-limits, thus if women coach approximately 50 percent of women\u2019s teams, it\u2019s \u201cfair.\u201d We see that unquestioned assumptions of gender difference supported perceptions that masculinity and men were superior to femininity and women. Twenty years ago scholars on this topic said it is beliefs in male athletic superiority that justify gender disparities in coaching, and according to these interviews little has changed. So, yes, observers should continue to call out the failures of Olympic commentators to treat women athletes equally, but as we say goodbye to Rio, let\u2019s not forget how these issues are shaping coaches\u2019 and athletes\u2019 experiences every day.<\/p>\n<p><em>Catherine Bolzendahl is a professor of sociology and the co-author of\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.russellsage.org\/publications\/counted-out-0\">Counted Out: Same Sex Relations and Americans\u2019 Definitions of Family<\/a><em>.\u00a0Vanessa Kauffman is a\u00a0PhD student.\u00a0\u00a0Both\u00a0are at the University of California, Irvine.\u00a0Jessica Broadfoot-(Lee) is an alum and was a member of the women\u2019s tennis team and a two-time Big West Scholar-Athlete.<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Originally posted at Scatterplot. Olympic fever has hit! As we all marvel at the power, precision, and grace of the athletes, a more disturbing commentary has also emerged, one that diminishes women athletes\u2019 accomplishments, defines them by the men around them, places them in tired tropes of sex objects, or infantilizes them as \u201cgirls.\u201d Some [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":51,"featured_media":69283,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[55,8092,2100,108,76],"class_list":["post-69278","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-gender","tag-gender-sports","tag-gender-work","tag-sports","tag-work"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/files\/2016\/08\/1-5.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/69278","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/51"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=69278"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/69278\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":69298,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/69278\/revisions\/69298"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/69283"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=69278"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=69278"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/socimages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=69278"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}