{"id":314,"date":"2008-10-19T09:09:51","date_gmt":"2008-10-19T15:09:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/crawler\/?p=314"},"modified":"2008-10-19T09:10:34","modified_gmt":"2008-10-19T15:10:34","slug":"outlaws","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/clippings\/2008\/10\/19\/outlaws\/","title":{"rendered":"outlaws!"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"IMG_1813\"<\/a>The folks over at the Freakonomics blog<\/a> (housed by the New York Times) recently posed the question: ‘W<\/em>ho<\/em>\u00a0are the modern-day outlaws? Do we still have outlaws or did they die off with the last of the frontier towns \u2014 or maybe later, with the Hell\u2019s Angels?’<\/p>\n

Stephen Dubner, the post’s author, approached a number of experts on the issue, including well-known sociologist Chris Uggen. Dubner presented each expert with the following set of questions: \u00a0Does America still have an outlaw group?\u00a0If so, why do you consider them outlaws?Does society need outlaws?<\/p>\n

Check out this sociologist’s response…<\/p>\n

Chris Uggen<\/strong>, Distinguished McKnight Professor and chair of sociology at the University of Minnesota, executive secretary of the American Society of Criminology, co-author of\u00a0Locked Out: Felon Disenfranchisement and American Democracy<\/em>, and co-editor of\u00a0Contexts Magazine<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Oh, hell yes, there are outlaws in America \u2014 and everywhere else, for that matter. Anyone who breaks rules is in some sense an outlaw, subject to social or legal sanctions if their outlawry is detected. These penalties operate on a sliding scale, depending on whether the outlaw smokes cigarettes or meth, pirates DVD\u2019s or ships, or violates college hate-speech codes or state hate-crime laws.<\/p>\n

But our standards for outlaws are relative, not absolute; they change over time and social space.<\/p>\n

Societies are constantly raising or lowering the bar, outlawing formerly accepted behaviors \u2014 like smoking \u2014 and legalizing former crimes,\u00a0l<\/a>ike lotteries.<\/p>\n

In any group, those with greater power tend to control the rule-making process. And they sometimes go to great lengths to make outlaws out of those who might threaten their power, by restricting their ability to vote or work or have children. Regardless of who holds power, societies operate with a basic set of rules that necessarily beget a basic set of rule violators.<\/p>\n

Just imagine, as sociologist\u00a0Emile Durkheim<\/strong>\u00a0did, a society of saints made up of exemplary citizens. Would there be no outlaws in such a group? No! They\u2019d pick at each other for minor peccadilloes and trivial misdeeds. In that crowd, even a burp or blemish could mark one as a real bada\u2013.<\/p>\n

Nobody is arguing that contemporary America is a society of saints. To the contrary, it often seems as though we\u2019re \u201cdefining deviancy down,\u201d as senator and sociologist\u00a0Daniel Patrick Moynihan<\/strong>\u00a0put it.<\/p>\n

Cultural critics of the hell-in-a-handbasket school worry that our blas\u00e9 attitudes toward once-shocking behavior \u2013- network telecasts of\u00a0ultimate fighters\u00a0beating the bloody snot out of one another, for example \u2014 diminish us all. But don\u2019t forget that we\u2019re simultaneously outlawing other nasty conduct that shocks our collective conscience, such as date rape or sexual harassment.<\/p>\n

Whether you view our culture\u2019s current constellation of outlaws as ennobling or diminishing is largely a matter of value preferences.<\/p>\n

And remember that outlaws put in some important work for a society. When they expose their bodies at the Super Bowl, our reactions \u2014 the extent to which we freak out \u2014 tell us something about the current boundaries between proper and improper public conduct. When outlaws are arrested at a political convention, we get a heads-up that change is in the wind. When outlaws sell sex or drugs, we get a safety valve to release pent-up frustrations.<\/p>\n

Even when outlaws commit consensus crimes like murder, we get a needed opportunity to publicly condemn them and reaffirm our shared values with our fellow citizens.<\/p>\n

While society needs outlaws, it doesn\u2019t need a permanent outlaw class. We\u2019d do well to remember that today\u2019s outlaws are tomorrow\u2019s good citizens; and there\u2019s no citizen more zealous than an outlaw redeemed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Read the full story, here<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The folks over at the Freakonomics blog (housed by the New York Times) recently posed the question: ‘Who\u00a0are the modern-day outlaws? Do we still have outlaws or did they die off with the last of the frontier towns \u2014 or maybe later, with the Hell\u2019s Angels?’ Stephen Dubner, the post’s author, approached a number of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39074],"tags":[39112,237,321,120,117],"class_list":["post-314","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sightings","tag-culture","tag-drugs","tag-law","tag-sex","tag-trends"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/clippings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/314","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/clippings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/clippings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/clippings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/clippings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=314"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/clippings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/314\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":316,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/clippings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/314\/revisions\/316"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/clippings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=314"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/clippings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=314"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thesocietypages.org\/clippings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=314"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}