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	<title>Sociological Images &#187; nation: Soviet Union</title>
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	<link>http://thesocietypages.org/socimages</link>
	<description>Sociological Images encourages people to exercise and develop their sociological imaginations with discussions of compelling visuals that span the breadth of sociological inquiry.</description>
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		<title>History of Nuclear Testing, 1945-1998</title>
		<link>http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2010/07/13/history-of-nuclear-testing-1945-1998/</link>
		<comments>http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2010/07/13/history-of-nuclear-testing-1945-1998/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jul 2010 19:15:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gwen Sharp, PhD]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[history]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[international comparisons]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nation: Britain/the U.K.]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nation: China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nation: France]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nation: India]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nation: North Korea]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nation: Pakistan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nation: Russia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nation: Soviet Union]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nation: United States]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[war/military]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/?p=25456</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Dimitriy T.M. and Keith Marszalek sent in a video by Isao Hashimoto, posted at Wired. The video, titled 1945-1998, shows the location of all known nuclear tests during that period, as well as the nation conducting the tests. It starts off slowly (with the U.S. test during World War II and the two bombs dropped [&#8230;]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Dimitriy T.M. and Keith Marszalek sent in a video by Isao Hashimoto, posted at <a href="http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2010-07/6/japanese-artist-nuclear-weapons" target="_blank">Wired</a>. The video, titled <em>1945-1998</em>, shows the location of all known nuclear tests during that period, as well as the nation conducting the tests. It starts off slowly (with the U.S. test during World War II and the two bombs dropped on Japan), and the U.S. has a monopoly on nuclear weapons for several years. By the early 1950s the number of tests starts to increase and the U.K. and Soviet Union start testing. By the late 1&#8217;50s and through the &#8217;80s, the flashes indicating tests (with different sound effects to indicate different nation) are pretty much constant, and then drop off quite a lot by the &#8217;90s.</p>
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<p>The Wired article points out that there have been two more nuclear tests since 1998 (when the video ends), both by North Korea.</p>
<p>I found this graph over at the <a href="http://www.ctbto.org/nuclear-testing/history-of-nuclear-testing/nuclear-testing-1945-2009/page-2-nuclear-testing-1945-2009/" target="_blank">Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organization</a> website:</p>
<p style="text-align: center"><a rel="attachment wp-att-25457" href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2010/07/13/history-of-nuclear-testing-1945-1998/infobox_chart_2009/"><img class="size-full wp-image-25457 aligncenter" src="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/files/2010/07/infobox_chart_2009.gif" alt="" width="499" height="787" /></a></p>
<p>Broken down by type of test; since 1963 almost all testing has been underground:</p>
<p style="text-align: center"><a rel="attachment wp-att-25458" href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2010/07/13/history-of-nuclear-testing-1945-1998/nuclear_explosion_atmosphervsunderground_2009/"><img class="size-full wp-image-25458 aligncenter" src="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/files/2010/07/nuclear_explosion_atmosphervsunderground_2009.gif" alt="" width="497" height="547" /></a></p>
<p>They also have an interactive map that includes information such as who has signed the test-ban treaty, where tests have occurred, and locations of facilities under the international monitoring system. Here&#8217;s a map showing the status of the test-ban treaty; green nations have ratified it, light blue ones have signed but not ratified it, and red ones haven&#8217;t signed it (sorry I couldn&#8217;t quite fit the whole map on my screen at once, so the screenshot cuts off some areas):</p>
<p style="text-align: center"><a rel="attachment wp-att-25459" href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2010/07/13/history-of-nuclear-testing-1945-1998/picture-1-46/"><img class="size-medium wp-image-25459 aligncenter" src="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/files/2010/07/Picture-15-500x269.png" alt="" width="500" height="269" /></a></p>
<p>(<a href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2010/07/13/history-of-nuclear-testing-1945-1998/">View original at http://thesocietypages.org/socimages</a>)</p>]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>19</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Civilian Experiences of War</title>
		<link>http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/10/16/civilian-experiences-of-war/</link>
		<comments>http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/10/16/civilian-experiences-of-war/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Oct 2009 15:31:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Lisa Wade, PhD]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[children/youth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[death]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[geography/maps]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[history]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nation: Soviet Union]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics: the state]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[war/military]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/?p=14269</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[U.S. civilians, by virtue of geography and geopolitics, have rarely experienced war firsthand. The possibility of the destruction of our infrastructure or civilian casualties on our land has remained remote. Today, for example, though we are waging war in Iraq and Afghanistan, non-military Americans do not expect to personally suffer (with the significant exception of [&#8230;]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>U.S. civilians, by virtue of geography and geopolitics, have rarely experienced war firsthand. The possibility of the destruction of <em>our </em>infrastructure or civilian casualties on <em>our </em>land has remained remote. Today, for example, though we are waging war in Iraq and Afghanistan, non-military Americans do not expect to personally suffer (with the significant exception of harm to and the loss of loved ones).</p>
<p>That civilian populations can experience war in vastly different ways is illustrated by this photograph:</p>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14273" title="MaskedPioneers" src="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/files/2009/10/MaskedPioneers.jpg" alt="MaskedPioneers" width="676" height="437" /></p>
<p>It is the early 1920s and the Soviet Union has been at war with much of Europe for several years. In the photograph, children practice their response to being gassed in an attack.</p>
<p>The Vietnam War was the first televised war and some sociologists credit the visual images returning from the war for increasing opposition.  But the idea that an understanding of the horrible, destructive, and deadly effects of war would require the mass media is predicated on U.S. geographical detachment.  That is, the mass media would be less necessary if the war was happening on our soil.</p>
<p>Earlier this month, the <a href="http://www.eandppub.com/2009/10/after-flap-over-ap-photo-military-bans-images-of-casualties-in-war.html" target="_blank">U.S. military hardened its rule</a> against publishing photographs of dead or dying U.S. soldiers.  The rule for embedded journalists states that:</p>
<blockquote><p>Media will not be allowed to photograph or record video of U.S. personnel killed in action.</p></blockquote>
<p>This separates U.S. civilians from war in a second way, by politics.  So a civilian population can be isolated from its own wars by geography or by politics and, largely, the U.S. is separated by both.</p>
<p>Thanks to Dmitriy T.M. for this great photograph.</p>
<p>For more posts discussing the impact of war on civilians, see <a href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2007/08/11/patriotic-car-tags/" target="_self">license plate patriotism</a>, <a href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2008/06/26/maybe-this-is-where-peta-got-the-idea/" target="_self">sex protest</a>, <a href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2008/11/04/wars-a-bore/" target="_self">war is boring</a>, WWII civilian sacrifices (<a href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2008/09/20/world-war-ii-carpool-propaganda/" target="_self">carpooling</a> and <a href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/02/20/world-war-ii-propaganda-to-stay-off-the-phones/" target="_self">staying off the phone</a>), <a href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/04/14/re-branding-war-terrorism-and-debt/" target="_self">war and euphemism</a>, <a href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/05/12/what-do-their-deaths-mean-to-us/" target="_self">framing &#8220;their&#8221; deaths</a>, <a href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/05/23/memorial-day-shout-out-to-the-silent-ranks/" target="_self">the silent ranks</a>, <a href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/07/26/american-vs-international-news-time-and-newsweek/" target="_self">U.S. non-news about war</a>, and reframing the &#8220;atomic bomb&#8221; (<a href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2008/05/29/the-evolution-of-atomic/" target="_self">the evolution of the term</a> and <a href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/10/07/optimism-about-atomic-energy/" target="_self">mushroom clouds have a silver lining</a>).</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">—————————</p>
<p>Lisa Wade is a <a href="http://lisa-wade.com/" target="_blank">professor of sociology at Occidental College</a>. You can follow her on <a href="https://twitter.com/lisawade/followers" target="_blank">Twitter</a> and <a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Lisa-Wade-PhD/174350419354908" target="_blank">Facebook</a>.</p>
<p>(<a href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/10/16/civilian-experiences-of-war/">View original at http://thesocietypages.org/socimages</a>)</p>]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>21</slash:comments>
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